Abstract
Energy consumption and management have emerged as crucial production functions because of the high cost of energy. Since the total consumption of fossil fuels like diesel has increased proportionally to the expansion in demand for power generation, industry, and transportation services, researchers have long been interested in constructing a more energy-efficient engine. With its improved efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and fewer emissions, the application of nano-coating technology to engine components has become more popular in recent years. This study involved the application of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) using zirconia on the test engine piston. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of aluminium oxide nano-additives in rapeseed biodiesel blends on the performance of a diesel engine with a thermal barrier–coated piston. The four test fuels were prepared using 20% and 40% blends of rapeseed biodiesel with and without the addition of aluminium oxide at 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The full factorial design methodology was employed to examine the influential factors, specifically the rapeseed blend ratio and aluminium oxide concentration, in order to enhance performance and reduce emissions. The blends of RSB20AO25 and RSB20AO50 showed significant results on energy consumption and emissions. The RSB20AO50 blend performed with a 5.4% increase in brake thermal efficiency and a 6.5% reduction in fuel consumption compared with standard diesel. Similarly, blends of RSB20AO25 and RSB20AO50 show 6% and 11% reductions in carbon monoxide and 5.2% and 9.5% reductions in hydrocarbon emissions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on request.
References
Alghamdi MIAM, Colak I, Zahra MMA, Bothichandar T (2021) Environmental emission analysis of biodiesel with Al2O3 nanometal additives as fuel in a diesel engine. J Nanomater 2021:2544098. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2544098
Anchupogu P, Rao LN, Banavathu B (2018) Effect of alumina nano additives into biodiesel-diesel blends on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:23294–23306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2366-7
Aydin H, Ilkiliç C (2011) Exhaust emissions of a CI engine operated with biodiesel from rapeseed oil. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 33:1523–1531. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030903397982
Badawy T, Mansour MS, Daabo AM et al (2021) Selection of second-generation crop for biodiesel extraction and testing its impact with nano additives on diesel engine performance and emissions. Energy 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121605
Bhargavi M, Vinod Kumar T, Ali Azmath Shaik R et al (2022) Effective utilization and optimization of waste plastic oil with ethanol additive in diesel engine using full factorial design. Mater Today Proc 52:930–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.310
Bitire SO, Jen T-C (2023) An optimization study on a biosynthesized nano-particle and its effect on the performance-emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with parsley biodiesel blend. Energy Rep 9:2185–2200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.01.041
Chokkalingam S, Chandrasekaran K, Pandian S, Asir O (2022) Optimization of performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel from non-edible Raphanus sativus oil with nano-additive. Theor Found Chem Eng 56:1158–1170. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579522060215
Elumalai PV, Sivakandhan C, Parthasarathy M, Mohamed Iqbal S, Arunkumar M (2021) Investigation on the mitigation of environmental harmful emissions by incorporating nanoparticles to biofuel water nano emulsion in low heat rejection engine. Heat Mass Transf 57:1235–1250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-021-03048-3
Gad MS, Abdel Razek SM, Manu PV, Jayaraj S (2021) Experimental investigations on diesel engine using alumina nanoparticle fuel additive. Adv Mech Eng 13:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814020988402
Gad MS, Jayaraj S (2020) A comparative study on the effect of nano-additives on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine run on Jatropha biodiesel. Fuel 267:117168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117168
Ganesan S, Padmanabhan S, Hemanandh J, Venkatesan SP (2022) Influence of substrate temperature on coated engine piston head using multi-response optimisation techniques. Int J Ambient Energy 43:610–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1653988
Gangula VR, Nandhana Gopal GR, Tarigonda H (2021) Investigation on different thermal barrier-coated piston engines using Mahua biodiesel. J Inst Eng Ser C 102:131–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-020-00621-3
Ghanbari M, Mozafari-Vanani L, Dehghani-Soufi M, Jahanbakhshi A (2021) Effect of alumina nanoparticles as additive with diesel–biodiesel blends on performance and emission characteristic of a six-cylinder diesel engine using response surface methodology (RSM). Energy Convers Manag X 11:100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100091
Gilbert N (2012) Rapeseed biodiesel fails sustainability test. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11145
Gupta R, McRoberts R, Yu Z et al (2022) Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil: influence of process parameters and scale. Bioresour Technol 360:127532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127532
Hawi M, Elwardany A, Ismail M, Ahmed M (2019) Experimental investigation on performance of a compression ignition engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel–diesel blend enhanced with iron-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles. Energies 12:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050798
Jain A, Bora BJ, Kumar R (2023) Production, performance, and emission analysis of new generation biodiesel in an unmodified engine. In: Kumar N, Mathiyazhagan K, Sreedharan VR, Kalam MABT-A in OF for SD (eds) Advancement in Oxygenated Fuels for Sustainable Development. Elsevier, pp 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90875-7.00004-6
Jeyakumar N, Narayanasamy B (2020) Investigation of performance, emission, combustion characteristics of municipal waste plastic oil fueled diesel engine with nano fluids. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 00:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1745958
Jit Sarma C, Sharma P, Bora BJ et al (2023) Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine powered with mahua biodiesel and TiO2 nanoparticles additive. Alex Eng J 72:387–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.070
Karikalan L, Baskar S, Poyyamozhi N, Negash K (2022) Experimental analysis of heat transfer by using nanofluid and impact of thermophysical properties. J Nanomater 2022:5119797. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5119797
Kumar SS, Rajan K, Mohanavel V et al (2021) Combustion, performance, and emission behaviors of biodiesel fueled diesel engine with the impact of alumina nanoparticle as an additive. Sustain 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112103
Lv J, Wang S, Meng B (2022) The effects of nano-additives added to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine: a review. Energies 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031032
Mehta B, Subhedar D, Patel G, Swarnkar A (2020) Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with use of rape seed oil as biodiesel. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 872. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/872/1/012093
Musthafa MM (2018) Thermal barrier coated diesel engine running on biodiesel: a review. Int J Sustain Eng 11:159–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2017.1393024
Öztürk U, Hazar H, Arı YS (2019) Investigation of using pumpkin seed oil methyl ester as a fuel in a boron coated diesel engine. Energy 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115871
Padmanabhan S, Giridharan K, Stalin B et al (2022) Sustainability and environmental impact of ethanol and oxyhydrogen addition on nanocoated gasoline engine. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022:1936415. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1936415
Padmanabhan S, Joel C, Joel L et al (2021) Evaluation of waste plastic pyrolysis oil performance with diethyl ether additive on insulated piston diesel engine. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 20:2079–2086. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2021.V20I05.025
Prabhahar M, Deh Kiani MK, Bhaskar K et al (2019) Chapter 9 - studies on pongamia oil methyl ester fueled direct injection diesel engine to increase efficiency and to reduce harmful emissions. In: Azad AK, Rasul MBT-AB (eds) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Woodhead Publishing, pp 217–245
Ramalingam S, Rajendran S (2019) 14 - Assessment of performance, combustion, and emission behavior of novel annona biodiesel-operated diesel engine. In: Azad KBT-A in E-F for a SE (ed) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Woodhead Publishing, pp 391–405
Raman LA, Deepanraj B, Rajakumar S, Sivasubramanian V (2019) Experimental investigation on performance, combustion and emission analysis of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with rapeseed oil biodiesel. Fuel 246:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.106
Raman LA, Rajakumar S, Paradeshi L (2016) Effect of thermal barrier coating on performance and emission characteristics. Int J Adv Eng Technol VII:5–7
Ramasamy N, Kalam MA, Varman M, Teoh YH (2021) Effect of thermal barrier coating on the performance and emissions of diesel engine operated with conventional diesel and palm oil biodiesel. Coatings 11(6):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060692
Reza Miri SM, Mousavi Seyedi SR, Ghobadian B (2017) Effects of biodiesel fuel synthesized from non-edible rapeseed oil on performance and emission variables of diesel engines. J Clean Prod 142:3798–3808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.082
Sambandam P, Venu H, Narayanaperumal BK (2020) Effective utilization and evaluation of waste plastic pyrolysis oil in a low heat rejection single cylinder diesel engine. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff:1–17
Sambandam P, Murugesan P, Thangaraj VK, Vadivel M, Rajaraman M, Subbiah G (2023) Environmental impact of waste plastic pyrolysis oil on insulated piston diesel engine with methoxyethyl acetate additive. Petrol Sci Technol 41(10):1113–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2022.2092498
Saravanan A, Murugan M, Sreenivasa Reddy M, Parida S (2020) Performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio CI engine fueled with dual biodiesel blends of Rapeseed and Mahua. Fuel 263:116751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116751
Sateesh KA, Yaliwal VS, Soudagar MEM et al (2021) Utilization of biodiesel/Al2O3 nanoparticles for combustion behavior enhancement of a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode. J Therm Anal Calorim. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10928-7
Schinas P, Karavalakis G, Davaris C et al (2009) Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil as an alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel in Greece. Biomass Bioenergy 33:44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.04.008
Selvam M, Shanmugan S, Palani S (2018) Performance analysis of IC engine with ceramic-coated piston. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:35210–35220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3419-7
Shaisundaram VS, Chandrasekaran M, Muraliraja R et al (2021a) Investigation of tamarind seed oil biodiesel with aluminium oxide nanoparticle in CI engine. Mater Today Proc 37:1417–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.597
Shaisundaram VS, Chandrasekaran M, Shanmugam M et al (2021b) Investigation of Momordica charantia seed biodiesel with cerium oxide nanoparticle on CI engine. Int J Ambient Energy 42:1615–1619. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1611657
Shaisundaram VS, Saravanakumar S, Balambica V et al (2022) Effects of thermal barrier coating using various dosing levels of aluminium oxide nanoadditive fuel on diesel in compressed ignition engine. J Nanomater 2022:8355098. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8355098
Shreenivasan SN, Chinnasamy C (2019) Experimental studies on diesel engine using aluminium nano particles as additives. Int Res J Multidiscip. Technovation:70–79. https://doi.org/10.34256/irjmt1919
Shrivastava N, Shrivastava D, Shrivastava V (2018) Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using Jatropha biodiesel with alumina nanoparticles. Int J Green Energy 15:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2018.1428807
Srivathsan PR, Terrin Babu P, Banugopan VN et al (2010) Experimental investigation on a low heat rejection engine. In: Proc Int Conf Front Automob Mech Eng - 2010, FAME-2010, pp 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1109/FAME.2010.5714815
Syed A, Quadri SAP, Rao GAP, Mohd W (2017) Experimental investigations on DI (direct injection) diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode with hydrogen and mahua oil methyl ester (MOME) as injected fuels and effects of injection opening pressure. Appl Therm Eng 114:118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.152
Thamarai Kannan B, Sathish T, Sathyamurthy R, Erko KG (2022) Use of waste fish oil biodiesel blended with aluminium oxide nanoparticle in IC engines: an experimental on performance, combustion and emission study. Sci Rep 12:12930. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17059-5
Urtekin L, Bayaşoğlu S (2019) Investigation of the wear characteristics of thermal barrier coating in a biodiesel engine. Surf Rev Lett 27:1950158. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X19501580
Uslu S, Simsek S, Simsek H (2023) RSM modeling of different amounts of nano-TiO2 supplementation to a diesel engine running with hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends. Energy 266:126439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126439
Valiveti SRK, Shaik H, Reddy KVK (2020) Analysis on impact of thermal barrier coating on piston head in CI engine using biodiesel. Int J Ambient Energy 0:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1831592
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R; data curation, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R.; analysis and validation, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R; formal analysis, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R; investigation, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R; methodology, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R.; project administration, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R. Resources, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R.; software, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R., supervision, K. R., S. B, and L.T. J; validation, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R.; visualisation, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R.; writing—original draft, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R., data visualisation, editing and rewriting, P. S, D. JR, G. K, S. B, N. N, A. M, and K. R.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sambandam, P., Raj, D.J., Krishnan, G. et al. Effects of nanoadditives on the performance and emissions of rapeseed biodiesel in an insulated piston diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31292-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31292-z