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Review on iron availability in soil: interaction of Fe minerals, plants, and microbes

  • SOILS, SEC 2 • GLOBAL CHANGE, ENVIRON RISK ASSESS, SUSTAINABLE LAND USE • REVIEW ARTICLE
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Abstract

Purpose

The rationale of this paper is to review the state of the art regarding the biotic and abiotic reactions that can influence Fe availability in soils. In soil, the management-induced change from oxic to anoxic environment results in temporal and spatial variations of redox reactions, which, in turn, affect the Fe dynamics and Fe mineral constituents. Measuring the Fe forms in organic complexes and the interaction between bacteria and Fe is a major challenge in getting a better quantitative understanding of the dynamics of Fe in complex soil ecosystems.

Materials and methods

We review the existing literature on chemical and biochemical processes in soils related with the availability of Fe that influences plant nutrition. We describe Fe acquisition by plant and bacteria, and the different Fe–organic complexes in order to understand their relationships and the role of Fe in the soil carbon cycle.

Results and discussion

Although total Fe is generally high in soil, the magnitude of its available fraction is generally very low and is governed by very low solubility of Fe oxides. Plants and microorganisms can have different strategies in order to improve Fe uptake including the release of organic molecules and metabolites able to form complexes with FeIII. Microorganisms appear to be highly competitive for Fe compared with plant roots. Crystalline Fe and poorly crystalline (hydro)oxides are also able to influence the carbon storage in soil.

Conclusion

The solubility of crystalline Fe minerals in soil is usually very low; however, the interaction with plant, microbes, and organic substance can improve the formation of soluble FeIII complexes and increase the availability of Fe for plant growth. Microbes release siderophores and plant exudates (e.g., phytosiderophores, organic acids, and flavonoids), which can bind and solubilize the Fe present in minerals. The improved understanding of this topic can enable the identification of effective solutions for remedying Fe deficiency or, alternatively, restricting the onset of its symptoms and yield’s limitations in crops. Therefore, development and testing of new analytical techniques and an integrated approach between soil biology and soil chemistry are important prerequisites.

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Acknowledgments

Colombo C. would like to thank the financial support from the CAS as Visiting Professor Programs 2011–2012 to the Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences of Beijing. This research was supported by grants from Italian MIUR (FIRB-Programma “Futuro in Ricerca” and PRIN), Free University of Bolzano (TN5056), and the Natural Science Foundation of China (51221892, 41090281). The authors would like to thank Dr. Rebeka Fijan and Dr. Tanja Mimmo (Free University of Bolzano, Italy) and Tom Thomas W. Crawford, Jr., Ph.D. (Director of Research Bio Huma Netics Inc.) for their critical revision of the manuscript.

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  1. Dipartimento Agricoltura Ambiente Alimenti, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso, CB, 86100, Italy

    Claudio Colombo & Giuseppe Palumbo

  2. Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, People’s Republic of China

    Ji-Zheng He

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, Udine, 33100, Italy

    Roberto Pinton

  4. Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano–Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, 39100, Italy

    Stefano Cesco

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  1. Claudio Colombo
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Correspondence to Claudio Colombo.

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Colombo, C., Palumbo, G., He, JZ. et al. Review on iron availability in soil: interaction of Fe minerals, plants, and microbes. J Soils Sediments 14, 538–548 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0814-z

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