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Phosphorus speciation in sediments from the Baltic Sea, evaluated by a multi-method approach

  • Sediments, Sec 1 • Sediment Quality and Impact Assessment • Research Article
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Abstract

Purpose

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial element for living organisms at both land and sea, but simultaneously, it can cause environmental problems especially in marine ecosystems. The pathway of P from soils through riverine and coastal systems to sea sediments has not been clarified to date. Thus, the main aim of this study was to characterize P species in sediments along a gradient from the coast of Northern Germany to the Baltic Proper.

Materials and methods

Six sediment samples along a transect from river outlets into the Baltic Sea in northeastern Germany to the deep basins at the Baltic Proper were analyzed. Four complementary methods were applied to explore the different sedimentary P compounds: (i) the sequential P fractionation to extract P from sediment pools of different solubility; (ii) P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy as an element-specific method for speciation analyses of complex environmental samples; (iii) 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy as a capable technique distinguishing especially different organic P compounds based on their characteristic resonance frequencies and (iv) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyses (EDX) to identify certain solid particles and their elemental composition.

Results and discussion

Sequential P fractionation revealed a decrease in labile P pools (resin-P; NaHCO3-P) along with an increase in more stable P fractions (H2SO4-P; residual-P) from near-coastal sediments towards the Baltic Proper with increasing water depths of sediment deposits. In comparison, XANES analysis indicated a decline of Fe-associated P compounds in favor of Ca-bound P with increasing distance of sediments from the coastline into the Baltic Sea. Results of 31P NMR spectroscopy showed that the variety of different mono- and diester P compounds decreased with increasing distance from the coast and that high proportions of orthophosphate (ortho-P) were present especially in greater water depths. The SEM-EDX analysis supported most of these results by retriving Fe phosphate particles especially in the sediments near the coast.

Conclusions

The integration of several P-specific methods enabled improved insights into P speciation. A trend towards more stable Ca-P compounds towards the Gotland basin was found with sequential fractionation and P-XANES. In the future, different types of sediments will be analyzed with respect to their interactions with adjacent soils to find out a common principle of P-transformations and derive approaches for capturing P before entering susceptible marine systems.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Constantin Recknagel (Leibniz Institute for Baltic Research Warnemünde) for his permission to use the samples. Furthermore, we would like to thank Elena Heilmann, Britta Balz and Christoph Jahnke (Soil Science, University of Rostock) for analytical help during P fractionation and ICP measurement. We also wish to thank Heike Borgwaldt (Institute for Chemistry, University of Rostock) who helped with the analytical work of 31P NMR spectroscopy, Kai-Uwe Eckhardt (Soil Science, University of Rostock) for his support in statistical questions and Sascha Plewe (Leibniz Institute for Baltic Research Warnemünde) for his help with the SEM-EDX analyses. Finally, we are grateful to Prof. Jörg Prietzel (Department of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich) for providing the P XANES reference spectra and to the technical staff at beamline 8 of SLRI for their friendly support.

Funding

This research was funded by the Leibniz Association within the scope of the Leibniz ScienceCampus Phosphorus Research Rostock (www.sciencecampus-rostock.de).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany

    Julia Prüter & Peter Leinweber

  2. Leibniz Institute for Baltic Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Warnemünde, Germany

    Thomas Leipe

  3. Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany

    Dirk Michalik

  4. Synchrotron Light Reasearch Institute, Muang District, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 3000, Thailand

    Wantana Klysubun

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  1. Julia Prüter
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Prüter, J., Leipe, T., Michalik, D. et al. Phosphorus speciation in sediments from the Baltic Sea, evaluated by a multi-method approach. J Soils Sediments 20, 1676–1691 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02518-w

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