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Highly fractionated granites: Recognition and research

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Abstract

Granite is one of the most important components of the continental crust on our Earth; it thus has been an enduring studied subject in geology. According to present knowledge, granite shows a great deal of heterogeneity in terms of its texture, structure, mineral species and geochemical compositions at different scales from small dike to large batholith. However, the reasons for these variations are not well understood although numerous interpretations have been proposed. The key point of this debate is whether granitic magma can be effectively differentiated through fractional crystallization, and, if so, what kind of crystallization occurred during the magmatic evolution. Although granitic magma has high viscosity because of its elevated SiO2 content, we agree that fractional crystallization is effectively processed during its evolution based on the evidence from field investigation, mineral species and its chemical variations, and geochemical compositions. These data indicate that crystal settling by gravitation is not the only mechanism dominating granitic differentiation. On the contrary, flow segregation or dynamic sorting may be more important. Accordingly, granite can be divided into unfractionated, fractionated (including weakly fractionated and highly fractionated) and cumulated types, according to the differentiation degree. Highly fractionated granitic magmas are generally high in primary temperature or high with various volatiles during the later stage, which make the fractional crystallization much easier than the common granitic melts. In addition, effective magmatic differentiation can be also expected when the magma emplaced along a large scale of extensional structure. Highly fractionated granitic magma is easily contaminated by country rocks due to its relatively prolonged crystallization time. Thus, granites do not always reflect the characteristics of the source areas and the physical and chemical conditions of the primary magma. We proposed that highly fractionated granites are an important sign indicating compositional maturity of the continental crust, and they are also closely related to the rare-elemental (metal) mineralization of W, Sn, Nb, Ta, Li, Be, Rb, Cs, REEs, etc.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to many scholars for thoughtful discussions during manuscript preparation. Four anonymous reviewers are thanked for their detailed and comprehensive reviews, which improve the quality of the paper significantly. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41130313) and by the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB03010200).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    FuYuan Wu, XiaoChi Liu, WeiQiang Ji, JiaMin Wang & Lei Yang

  2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    FuYuan Wu & WeiQiang Ji

  3. College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    FuYuan Wu & Lei Yang

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Wu, F., Liu, X., Ji, W. et al. Highly fractionated granites: Recognition and research. Sci. China Earth Sci. 60, 1201–1219 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5139-1

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