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The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND): Science and design

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Abstract

The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) is a planned large-scale observatory of ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic particles, with energies exceeding 108 GeV. Its goal is to solve the long-standing mystery of the origin of UHE cosmic rays. To do this, GRAND will detect an unprecedented number of UHE cosmic rays and search for the undiscovered UHE neutrinos and gamma rays associated to them with unmatched sensitivity. GRAND will use large arrays of antennas to detect the radio emission coming from extensive air showers initiated by UHE particles in the atmosphere. Its design is modular: 20 separate, independent sub-arrays, each of 10000 radio antennas deployed over 10000 km2. A staged construction plan will validate key detection techniques while achieving important science goals early. Here we present the science goals, detection strategy, preliminary design, performance goals, and construction plans for GRAND.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Física de Partícular & Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain

    Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz

  2. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, 05508-090, Brazil

    Rafael Alves Batista

  3. Department of Physics—Astrophysics, University of Oxford, DWB, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK

    Rafael Alves Batista

  4. Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, D-76021, Germany

    Aswathi Balagopal V.

  5. Laboratoire de Physique Nucléeaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France

    Julien Bolmont, Jean-Philippe Lenain & Olivier Martineau-Huynh

  6. Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy and DARK, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    Mauricio Bustamante & Peter B. Denton

  7. Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    Mauricio Bustamante

  8. Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP) & Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Mauricio Bustamante

  9. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain

    Washington Carvalho Jr.

  10. SUBATECH, Institut Mines-Telecom Atlantique — CNRS/IN2P3 — Université de Nantes, Nantes, 44300, France

    Didier Charrier

  11. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace LPC2E CNRS-Université d’Orléans, Orléans, F-45071, France

    Ismaël Cognard

  12. Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330, Nançay, France

    Ismaël Cognard

  13. Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095, 98 bis bd Arago, Paris, 75014, France

    Valentin Decoene, Claire Guépin, Kumiko Kotera, Nicolas Renault-Tinacci & Anne Zilles

  14. Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, 6500, Netherlands

    Sijbrand De Jong & Charles Timmermans

  15. Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Amsterdam, NL-1009, Netherlands

    Sijbrand De Jong & Charles Timmermans

  16. IIHE/ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium

    Krijn D. De Vries

  17. Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, D-76021, Germany

    Ralph Engel, Tanguy Pierog, Markus Roth & Frank G. Schröder

  18. Einstein Fellow, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Ke Fang

  19. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-2421, USA

    Ke Fang

  20. Joint Space-Science Institute, College Park, MD, 20742-2421, USA

    Ke Fang

  21. Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden

    Chad Finley

  22. Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden

    Chad Finley

  23. AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France

    Stefano Gabici

  24. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    QuanBu Gou, HongBo Hu, Yi Zhang & Qian Zheng

  25. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China

    JunHua Gu, Yan Huang, Sandra Le Coz, Olivier Martineau-Huynh, Bo Qin, Duan Ran, XiangPing Wu & JianLi Zhang

  26. School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China

    GuoLiang Lü

  27. Center for Particle and Gravitational Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Miguel Mostafá, Kohta Murase & Foteini Oikonomou

  28. Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Miguel Mostafá, Kohta Murase & Foteini Oikonomou

  29. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Miguel Mostafá, Kohta Murase & Foteini Oikonomou

  30. LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, PSL Research University, 5 place Jules Janssen, Meudon, 92190, France

    Fabrice Mottez & Andreas Zech

  31. CNRS/IN2P3, Lab. de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermond-Ferrand, 63000, France

    Valentin Niess

  32. European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, Garching bei München, D-85748, Germany

    Foteini Oikonomou

  33. Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, 250357, China

    XiangLi Qian

  34. Bartol Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA

    Frank G. Schröder

  35. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France

    Fabian Schüssler

  36. GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, Meudon, F-92190, France

    Cyril Tasse

  37. Instituto de Física La Plata, CONICET, Boulevard 120 y 63, La Plata, 1900, Argentina

    Matías Tueros

  38. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, China

    XiangPing Wu

  39. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL/SU/UPD/SPC, Place J. Janssen, Meudon, 92195, France

    Philippe Zarka

  40. Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    B. Theodore Zhang

  41. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    B. Theodore Zhang

  42. School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand

    Qian Zheng

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  1. Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz
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  14. Ke Fang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mauricio Bustamante.

Additional information

The GRAND project is supported by the APACHE of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Grant No. ANR-16-CE31-0001), the France-China Particle Physics Laboratory, the China Exchange Program from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Key Projects of Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDY-SSW-SLH022), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB23000000), and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0404601). Rafael Alves Batista is supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Grant No. 2017/12828-4). Mauricio Bustamante is partially supported from National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. PHY-1404311, and PHY-1714479). Mauricio Bustamante and Peter B. Denton are supported by Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF91), Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (Grant No. 1041811001), and Villum Fonden(Grant No. 13164). Washington Carvalho Jr. is supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Grant No. 2015/15735-1). QuanBu Gou is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11375209). Krijn D. De Vries is supported by the Flemish Foundation for Scientific Research (Grant No. FWO-12L3715N — K. D. de Vries). Charles Timmermans is supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). XiangPing Wu is supported by the Key Projects of Frontier Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences, (Grant No. QYZDY-SSW-SLH022), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, (Grant No. XDB23000000). JianLi Zhang is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11505213), and “Data analysis for radio detection array at 21CMA base”. We thank Markus Ahlers, Daniel Ardouin, Johannes Blümer, Jordan Hanson, Andreas Haungs, Naoko Kurahashi, Pascal Lautridou, François Montanet, Angela Olinto, Andres Romero-Wolf, Subir Sarkar, Abigail Vieregg, and Stephanie Wissel for useful discussion and comments on the manuscript; Feng Yang and the staff in Ulastai; the engineers who developed the GRANDProto35 electronics, Julien Coridian, Jacques David, Olivier Le Dortz, David Martin, and Patrick Nayman; and the groups ofFuShun Zhang and LiXin Guo, who built the GRANDProto35 antennas and the Horizon Antennaprototypes. The GRAND neutrino simulations were run through the France-Asia Virtual Organisation on the IN2P3 computing center, the GRIF-LPNHE computing grid, the IHEP computing center. Part of the simulations was performed on the computational resource ForHLR I funded by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg and DFG (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”). The GRAND cosmic-ray simulations were run on the Horizon Cluster, hosted by the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. The SRTMGL1 (v3) topographical data used in this study were retrieved from the online USGS EarthExplorer and NASA Earthdata Search tools, courtesy of the NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), USGS/Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Figures2and16were designed for the GRAND Collaboration by Ingrid Delgado.

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Álvarez-Muñiz, J., Alves Batista, R., Balagopal V., A. et al. The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND): Science and design. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 63, 219501 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-018-9385-7

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