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Wave Hindcasting and Anchoring Activities in Ancient Harbours: The Impact of Coastal Dynamics on Ancient Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain)

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Abstract

This study analyses nautical harbour activities and their spatial distribution using a high-resolution method of wind-wave hindcasting, in order to identify the location of safe and sheltered anchorage areas. We apply this methodological approach to evaluate the ancient harbour of Carthago Nova from the Punic period to the Late Roman period (third century BC–fourth century AD). Literary sources have defined Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain) as the only natural harbour of Hispania and one of the best in the Mediterranean, with Escombreras Island as the main natural feature that protects the harbour. Due to the scarcity of archaeological evidence and the transformation the harbour has undergone over time, this study has been considered necessary and carried out in order to supersede the current general and anachronic observations of wind-wave effects. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we analyse one of the main factors that determines the safe anchorage of ships: coastal wind waves. The modelling and simulation of waves have been applied using the SWAN model, paleo-topographic reconstruction, and maritime archaeological data. By means of GIS spatial analysis, an Anchorage Safety Index has been established that computes data from paleo-bathymetry, wind, and simulated wave height. This high-resolution analysis allows us to assess in detail the impact of coastal and island topography on nautical activities inside ancient harbours.

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(Source Puertos del Estado 2017a, b, c)

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Notes

  1. The tide measurement for this harbour has been obtained from the official repository of http://www.puertos.es/es–es/oceanografia/Paginas/portus.aspx, last accessed in December 2019.

  2. See data online on http://www.puertos.es/es-es/oceanografia/Paginas/portus.aspx, last accessed in December 2019.

  3. For more information about ancient ship draught, see Poveda 2015, Pomey and Tchernia 1978, de Juan 2013 and Boetto 2010. According to these authors, wave heights of 50 or 60 cm and depths shallower than −1.25 m are considered too risky for anchorage. Common nautical knowledge on sailing (see also Morton 1998; Beresford 2013: 229) does not recommend anchoring at depths greater than −10 m, as there is too much anchor line to pull up in a short time in case emergency. Another important factor for anchoring is related to the seabed type; sand or silt sediment is preferred over a rocky one for anchoring. In a rocky area, the anchor could get stuck.

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Acknowledgements

This article is part of the Carthago Nova: surveying and planning of a privileged Mediterranean city I and II Project, funded by the General Department of Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain and by FEDER grants (HAR2011-29330, HAR2014-57672-P and HAR2017-85726-C2-1-P). We thank Puertos del Estado for providing the oceanic data used in the modelling. We would also like to thank the reviewers and editor for their recommendations and comments that have helped improve this paper.

Funding

This study was supported by General Department of Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain and by FEDER grants (HAR2011-29330, HAR2014-57672-P and HAR2017-85726-C2-1-P).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of History, Geography and Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology Area, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, University of Cádiz, Av. Dr. Gómez Ulla s/n, CP: 11003, Cádiz, Spain

    Felipe Cerezo-Andreo

  2. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, CP: 30203, Cartagena, Spain

    Francisco J. López-Castejón & Javier Gilabert-Cervera

  3. Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Murcia, CP: 30001, Murcia, Spain

    Sebastian F. Ramallo-Asensio

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  1. Felipe Cerezo-Andreo
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Cerezo-Andreo, F., López-Castejón, F.J., Ramallo-Asensio, S.F. et al. Wave Hindcasting and Anchoring Activities in Ancient Harbours: The Impact of Coastal Dynamics on Ancient Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain). J Mari Arch 15, 209–237 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-020-09259-9

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