Abstract
Microstructure evolution during friction stir welding (FSW) of mild steel and Ni-based alloy 625 was studied. Regarding the Ni-based alloy, the welding process led to grain refinement caused by discontinuous and continuous dynamic recrystallization, where bulging of the pre-existing grains and subgrain rotation were the primary mechanisms of recrystallization. In the steel, discontinuous dynamic recrystallization was identified as the recovery process experienced by the austenite. Simple shear textures were observed in the regions affected by the deformation of both materials. Although the allotropic transformation obscured the deformation history, the thermo-mechanically affected zone was identified in the steel by simple shear texture components. A new methodology for the study of texture evolution based on rotations of the slip systems using pole figures is presented as an approximation to describe the texture evolution in FSW.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, H. Waqas, N Hussain: Mater. Des., 2011, vol. 32, pp. 5154–58.
R.S. Mishra, Z.Y Ma: Mater. Sci. Eng. R., 2005 50: 1–78.
R. Nandan, T. Debroy, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Prog. Mater Sci., 2008, vol. 53, pp. 980–1023.
K. Colligan: Weld. J., 1999, pp. 229–37
Z.Y. Ma: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, vol. 39A, pp. 642–58.
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshi, T. Debroy: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2009, vol. 14, pp. 193-196.
P.B Prangnell, C.P. Heason: Acta Mater., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 3179–92.
Q. Guo, D. Li, S. Guo, H. Peng, J. Hu: J. Nucl. Mater., 2011, vol. 414, pp. 440–50.
A. Momeni, K. Dehghani: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, vol. 528, pp. 1448–54.
D.P Field, T.W. Nelson, Y. Hovanski, K.V Jata: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, vol. 32A, pp. 2869–77.
R.W. Fonda, J.F Bingert: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, vol. 35A, pp. 1487–99.
R.W. Fonda, J.F Bingert: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 3593–604.
R.W. Fonda, J.F Bingert: Scr. Mater., 2007, vol. 57, pp. 1052–55.
U.F.H.R. Suhuddin, S. Mironov, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 1962–69.
K. Oh-Ishi, A.P. Zhilyaev, T.R. McNelley: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, vol. 37A, pp. 2239–51.
R.W. Fonda, K.E. Knipling: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2011, vol. 4, pp. 288–94.
S. Mironov, Y.S Sato, H. Kokawa: Acta Mater., 2008, vol. 56, pp. 2602–14.
. Rodriguez, A.J. Ramirez: Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining, 2014, vol. 19 4, pp. 343–49.
T.J. Lienert, J.R. Stellwag, B.B. Grimmett, R.W. Warke: Weld J. 2003, 82: pp. 1S–9S
H. Fujii, L. Cui, M. Maeda, K. Nakata, K. Nogi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, vol. 429, pp. 50–57.
J. Rodriguez, A.J. Ramirez: Mater. Charact., 2015, vol. 110, pp. 126–35.
R. El-Koussy, V.P. Polukhin: J. Mech. Work. Tech., 1978, vol. 2, pp. 145–60.
S. Nafisi, M.A Arafin, L. Collins, J. Szpunar: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, vol. 531, pp. 2–11.
U.F. Kocks, C.N. Tomé, H.R. Wenk: Texture and anisotropy: Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and their Effect on Materials Properties. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2005, p. 184.
R.S. Ray: Acta Metall. Mater., 1995, vol. 43, pp. 3861–72.
X.L. Li, W. Liu, A. Godfrey, D. Juul Jensen, Q. Liu. Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp 3531–40
A.M. Elwazri, P. Wanjara, S. Yue: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, vol. 339, pp. 209–15.
A. Dehghan-Manshadi, M.R. Barnett, P.D. Hodgson: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 485, pp. 664–72.
D. Li, Q. Guo, S. Guo, H. Peng, Z. Wu: Mater. Des., 2011, vol. 32, pp. 696–705.
F.J. Humphreys, M. Hatherly: Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena. Second Edition. Elsevier: Amsterdam 2004.
N.M. Lopez, A. Salinas. J Iron Steel Res Int., 2016, vol 23(3), pp. 261–69.
I. Kestens, J.J. Jonas. In: ASM Handbook, Volume 14A. Transformation and Recrystallization Textures Associated with Steel Processing. 9th Edition. ASM International. 2005.
B. Nelson, C. Soresen: Friction stir welding and processing VI. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2011, pp. 113–20.
G.E. Dieter. Mechanical Metallurgy. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Y. Sato, T.W. Nelson, C.J. Sterling. Acta Mater., 2005, vol, 53, pp. 637–45.
Y. Sato, H. Kokawa, K. Ikeda, M. Enomoto, S. Jogan, T. Hashimoto: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, vol. 32A, pp. 941–48.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Petrobras (Contract Number 0050.0050438.09.9) for financial support along with the Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano-CNPEM), Richard W. Fonda from the Naval Research Laboratory and Hamilton FG Abreu from the Federal University of Ceará for the helpful research discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted March 29, 2016.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fernandez, J.R., Ramirez, A.J. Microstructural Evolution During Friction Stir Welding of Mild Steel and Ni-Based Alloy 625. Metall Mater Trans A 48, 1092–1102 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3925-5
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3925-5