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Temperature-Dependent Thermal and Mechanical Properties of a Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Low Transformation Temperature Steel

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Abstract

Recent research has studied the use of low transformation temperature (LTT) martensite steel as feedstock for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) and low tensile residual stresses or compressive residual stresses were detected in the printed walls. These residual stress states help to improve printed product properties such as fatigue strength and corrosion resistance. However, the thermal and mechanical properties of WAAM printed LTT martensite steel walls are largely unknown. In this work, a printed LTT martensite steel was characterized for its thermal, metallurgical, and mechanical behavior at room and elevated temperatures. The temperature-dependent specific heat capacity, thermal expansion, atomic lattice spacing, and tensile properties were measured during both heating and cooling and related to observed microstructural features and computational thermodynamics predictions. These results revealed a large hysteresis in the martensitic transformation, with a martensite start temperature of 240 °C and austenite start temperature of 680 °C. Additional thermal cycles and specimen orientation did not affect the printed specimen austenite and martensite transformations. However, it was observed that the printed metal may exhibit tempering embrittlement at about 350 °C but further studies are needed to confirm that. These results suggest that a temperature control of 250 °C to 350 °C during WAAM is needed to maximize the stress reduction potential of the LTT250 martensite steel. Opportunities for future implementation of LTT martensite steels and optimization of additive manufacturing process conditions are identified.

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Acknowledgments

This research is sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy. A portion of this research used resources at the Spallation Neutron Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility operated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The authors gratefully acknowledge the ORNL LDRD Digital Metallurgy initiative lead Amit Shyam, Ian Stinson for specimens cutting, Victoria Cox and Sarah Graham for metallographic specimen preparation, Roger Miller and QQ Ren at ORNL, and Prof. Xiaoli Tan at Iowa State University for valuable discussions, and Sumit Bahl and Xiang Chen for technical reviewing.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Wei Tang, Chris M. Fancher, Peeyush Nandwana, Hsin Wang, Artem Trofimov & Alex Plotkowski

  2. Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Ke An & Dunji Yu

  3. Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Andrzej Nycz, Rangasayee Kannan, Donovan N. Leonard & Luke Meyer

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  1. Wei Tang
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Correspondence to Wei Tang or Alex Plotkowski.

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Tang, W., Fancher, C.M., Nandwana, P. et al. Temperature-Dependent Thermal and Mechanical Properties of a Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Low Transformation Temperature Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 54, 854–868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06933-6

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