Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Suicide in Older Adults: The Role of Emotions and Cognition

  • Geriatric Disorders (W McDonald, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Psychiatry Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Suicide in older adults is a significant clinical concern. In this review of recent findings, we concentrate on the role of emotions and cognition in suicide risk and behavior in older adults. We discuss the epidemiology of suicide in older adults, integrate recent findings on non-psychotic major depression, schizophrenia and suicidal ideation, explore the relationship of emotion regulation with suicide, present recent advances on suicide in demented patients, and describe the latest developments on cognition and decision processes in suicide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Cerel J, Jordan JR, Duberstein PR. The impact of suicide on the family. Crisis. 2008;29(1):38–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention: Research Prioritization Task Force. A prioritized research agenda for suicide prevention: an action plan to save lives. Rockville: National Institute of Mental Health and the Research Prioritization Task Force; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal_injury_reports.html. Accessed 27 June 2014.

  4. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;34(2):451–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chan J, Draper B, Banerjee S. Deliberate self-harm in older adults: a review of the literature from 1995 to 2004. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(8):720–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fung YL, Chan ZC. A systematic review of suicidal behaviour in old age: a gender perspective. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(15–16):2109–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Leadholm AK, Rothschild AJ, Nielsen J, Bech P, Ostergaard SD. Risk factors for suicide among 34,671 patients with psychotic and non-psychotic severe depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;156:119–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Li G. The interaction effect of bereavement and sex on the risk of suicide in the elderly: an historical cohortstudy. Soc Sci Med. 1995;40:825–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bartels SJ, Coakley E, Oxman TE, Constantino G, Oslin D, Chen H, et al. Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):417–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chou KL, Cheung KC. Major depressive disorder in vulnerable groups of older adults, their course and treatment, and psychiatric comorbidity. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(6):528–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kalmar S, Szanto K, Rihmer Z, Mazumdar S, Harrison K, Mann JJ. Antidepressant prescription and suicide rates: effect of age and gender. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008;38(4):363–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Erlangsen A, Conwell Y. Age-related response to redeemed antidepressants measured by completed suicide in older adults: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(1):25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen CI, Abdallah CG, Diwan S. Suicide attempts and associated factors in older adults with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2010;119(1–3):253–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Erlangsen A, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Conwell Y. Schizophrenia–a predictor of suicide during the second half of life? Schizophr Res. 2012;134(2–3):111–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Cukrowicz KC, Ekblad AG, Cheavens JS, Rosenthal MZ, Lynch TR. Coping and thought suppression as predictors of suicidal ideation in depressed older adults with personality disorders. Aging Ment Health. 2008;12(1):149–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193–2004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Vasiliadis HM, Gagné S, Préville M. Gender differences in determinants of suicidal ideation in French-speaking community living elderly in Canada. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(12):2019–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fanning JR, Pietrzak RH. Suicidality among older male veterans in the United States: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(11):1766–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Alexopoulos GS, Reynolds 3rd CF, Bruce ML, Katz IR, Raue PJ, Mulsant BH, et al. PROSPECT Group. Reducing suicidal ideation and depression in older primary care patients: 24-month outcomes of the PROSPECT study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:882–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Raue PJ, Meyers BS, Rowe JL, Heo M, Bruce ML. Suicidal ideation among elderly home care patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(1):32–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bogers IC, Zuidersma M, Boshuisen ML, Comijs HC, Oude Voshaar RC. Determinants of thoughts of death or suicide in depressed older persons. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(11):1775–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kim S, Ha JH, Yu J, Park DH, Ryu SH. Path analysis of suicide ideation in older people. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(3):509–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cukrowicz KC, Duberstein PR, Vannoy SD, Lynch TR, McQuoid DR, Steffens DC. Course of suicide ideation and predictors of change in depressed older adults. J Affect Disord. 2009;113(1–2):30–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Kang HJ, Stewart R, Jeong BO, Kim SY, Bae KY, Kim SW, et al. Suicidal ideation in elderly Korean population: a two-year longitudinal study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):59–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Batterham PJ, Calear AL, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The association between suicidal ideation and increased mortality from natural causes. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(3):855–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Raue PJ, Morales KH, Post EP, Bogner HR, Have TT, Bruce ML. The wish to die and 5-year mortality in elderly primary care patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:341–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Pompili M, Innamorati M, Di Vittorio C, Sher L, Girardi P, Amore M. Sociodemographic and clinical differences between suicide ideators and attempters: a study of mood disordered patients 50 years and older. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44(1):34–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sachs-Ericsson N, Hames JL, Joiner TE, Corsentino E, Rushing NC, Palmer E, et al. Differences between suicide attempters and nonattempters in depressed older patients: depression severity, white-matter lesions, and cognitive functioning. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(1):75–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Seyfried LS, Kales HC, Ignacio RV, Conwell Y, Valenstein M. Predictors of suicide in patients with dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(6):567–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Erlangsen A, Zarit SH, Conwell Y. Hospital-diagnosed dementia and suicide: a longitudinal study using prospective, nationwide register data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(3):220–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sabodash V, Mendez MF, Fong S, Hsiao JJ. Suicidal behavior in dementia: a special risk in semantic dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2013;28(6):592–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Purandare N, Voshaar RC, Rodway C, Bickley H, Burns A, Kapur N. Suicide in dementia: 9-year national clinical survey in England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(2):175–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Draper B, Peisah C, Snowdon J, Brodaty H. Early dementia diagnosis and the risk of suicide and euthanasia. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6:75–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Haw C, Harwood D, Hawton K. Dementia and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(3):440–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nowrangi MA, Rao V, Lyketsos CG. Epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of dementia. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;34(2):275–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kiosses DN, Alexopoulos GS. Suicide ideation in older adults with major depression, cognitive impairment and disability. AAGP 2014 Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida.

  37. Draper B, Brodaty H, Low LF, Richards V. Prediction of mortality in nursing home residents: impact of passive self-harm behaviors. Int Psychogeriatr. 2003;15(2):187–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;31(2):333–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Heisel MJ, Flett GL, Besser A. Cognitive functioning and geriatric suicide ideation: testing a mediational model. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):428–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lynch TR, Cheavens JS, Morse JQ, Rosenthal MZ. A model predicting suicidal ideation and hopelessness in depressed older adults: the impact of emotion inhibition and affect intensity. Aging Ment Health. 2004;8(6):486–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hill RD, Gallagher D, Thompson LW, Ishida T. Hopelessness as a measure of suicide intent in the depressed elderly. Psychol Aging. 1988;3:230–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Szanto K, Reynolds III CF, Conwell Y, Begley AE, Houck P. High levels of hopelessness persist in geriatric patients with remitted depression and a history of attempted suicide. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46(11):1401–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C, Denning D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2–3):123–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lynch TR, Johnson CS, Mendelson T, Robins CJ, Ranga K, Krishnan R, et al. Correlates of suicidal ideation among an elderly depressed sample. J Affect Disord. 1999;56(1):9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Marty MA, Segal DL, Coolidge FL. Relationships among dispositional coping strategies, suicidal ideation, and protective factors against suicide in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):1015–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Seidlitz L, Denning DG, Cox C, Caine ED. Personality traits and suicidal behavior and ideation in depressed inpatients 50 years of age and older. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2000;55(1):18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Szanto K, Clark L, Hallquist M, Vanyukov P, Crockett M, Dombrovski AY. The cost of social punishment and high-lethality suicide attempts in the second half of life. Psychol Aging. 2014;29(1):84–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):407–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Mann JJ. Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):819–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jollant F, Bellivier F, Leboyer M, Astruc B, Torres S, Verdier R, et al. Impaired decision making in suicide attempters. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):304–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Clark L, Dombrovski AY, Siegle GJ, Butters MA, Shollenberger CL, Sahakian BJ, et al. Impairment in risk-sensitive decision-making in older suicide attempters with depression. Psychol Aging. 2011;26(2):321–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Andersson L, Allebeck P, Gustafsson JE, Gunnell D. Association of IQ scores and school achievement with suicide in a 40-year follow-up of a Swedish cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;118(2):99–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gunnell D, Löfving S, Gustafsson JE, Allebeck P. School performance and risk of suicide in early adulthood: follow-up of two national cohorts of Swedish schoolchildren. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):104–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(10):915–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chan SS, Lyness JM, Conwell Y. Do cerebrovascular risk factors confer risk for suicide in later life? A case-control study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15(6):541–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Denburg NL, Cole CA, Hernandez M, Yamada TH, Tranel D, Bechara A, et al. The orbitofrontal cortex, real-world decision making, and normal aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1121:480–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Fein G, McGillivray S, Finn P. Older adults make less advantageous decisions than younger adults: cognitive and psychological correlates. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007;13(3):480–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Brown SBRE, Ridderinkhof KR. Aging and the neuroeconomics of decision making: a review. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2009;9(4):365–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. MacPherson SE, Phillips LH, Della SS. Age, executive function and social decision making: a dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging. Psychol Aging. 2002;17(4):598–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Raz N, Lindenberger U, Rodrigue KM, Kennedy KM, Head D, Williamson A, et al. Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15(11):1676–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Keilp JG, Sackeim HA, Brodsky BS, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Mann JJ. Neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):735–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Keilp JG, Gorlyn M, Oquendo MA, Burke AK, Mann JJ. Attention deficit in depressed suicide attempters. Psychiatry Res. 2008;159(1–2):7–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Marzuk PM, Hartwell N, Leon AC, Portera L. Executive functioning in depressed patients with suicidal ideation. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;112(4):294–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Nock MK, Park JM, Finn CT, Deliberto TL, Dour HJ, Banaji MR. Measuring the suicidal mind: implicit cognition predicts suicidal behavior. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(4):511–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Raust A, Slama F, Mathieu F, Roy I, Chenu A, Koncke D, et al. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in patients with suicidal behavior. Psychol Med. 2007;37(03):411–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gujral S, Dombrovski AY, Butters M, Clark L, Reynolds 3rd CF, Szanto K. Impaired executive function in contemplated and attempted suicide in late life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.025.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. McGirr A, Dombrovski AY, Butters M, Clark L, Szanto K. Deterministic learning and attempted suicide among older depressed individuals: cognitive assessment using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(2):226–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olie JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. McGirr A, Jollant F, Turecki G. Neurocognitive alterations in first degree relatives of suicide completers. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(2):264–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Keilp JG, Gorlyn M, Russell M, Oquendo MA, Burke AK, Harkavy-Friedman J, et al. Neuropsychological function and suicidal behavior: attention control, memory and executive dysfunction in suicide attempt. Psychol Med. 2013;43(3):539–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Richard-Devantoy S, Annweiler C, Beauchet O, Camus V, Le Gall D, Garre JB. P03-470 - cognitive inhibition in suicidal depressed elderly. Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26(1):1640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Dombrovski AY, Clark L, Siegle GJ, Butters MA, Ichikawa N, Sahakian BJ, et al. Reward/Punishment reversal learning in older suicide attempters. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(6):699–707.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Dougherty DM, Mathias CW, Marsh DM, Papageorgiou TD, Swann AC, Moeller FG. Laboratory measured behavioral impulsivity relates to suicide attempt history. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004;34(4):374–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Klonsky ED, May A. Rethinking impulsivity in suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2010;40(6):612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kirby KN, Finch JC. The hierarchical structure of self-reported impulsivity. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;48(6):704–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Dougherty DM, Mathias CW, Marsh-Richard DM, Furr RM, Nouvion SO, Dawes MA. Distinctions in behavioral impulsivity: implications for substance abuse research. Addict Disord Treat. 2009;8(2):61–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Dougherty DM, Richard DM, James LM, Mathias CW. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on three different types of behavioral impulsivity. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2010;3:99–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Kirby KN. Bidding on the future: evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. J Exp Psychol-Gen. 1997;126(1):54–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Dombrovski AY, Szanto K, Siegle GJ, Wallace ML, Forman SD, Sahakian B, et al. Lethal forethought: delayed reward discounting differentiates high- and low-lethality suicide attempts in old age. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(2):138–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Dombrovski AY, Szanto K, Clark L, Reynolds CF, Siegle GJ. Reward signals, attempted suicide, and impulsivity in late-life depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.75. A paper highlighting the relationship of neural circuit abnormalities that underlie disadvantageous choices in people at risk for suicide with impulsivity.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Jollant F, Lawrence N, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Fullana M, Drapier D, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex response to angry faces in men with histories of suicide attempts. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(6):740–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Conner KR, Eberly S, Evinger JS, Caine ED. Poor social integration and suicide: fact or artifact? A case-control study. Psychol Med. 2004;34(7):1331–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gibbs LM, Dombrovski AY, Morse J, Siegle GJ, Houck PR, Szanto K. When the solution is part of the problem: problem solving in elderly suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(12):1396–404.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Szanto K, Dombrovski AY, Sahakian BJ, Mulsant BH, Houck PR, Reynolds 3rd CF, et al. Social emotion recognition, social functioning, and attempted suicide in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(3):257–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Delgado MR, Frank RH, Phelps EA. Perceptions of moral character modulate the neural systems of reward during the trust game. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(11):1611–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Alexopoulos G, Arean P. A model for streamlining psychotherapy in the RDoC era: the example of ‘Engage’. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(1):14–9. A recent article describing a new psychotherapy linked to RDoC constructs.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Dimitris N. Kiosses has received a grant from the NIMH.

Katalin Szanto has received a grant from the NIMH.

George S. Alexopoulos has received a grant from the NIMH and Forest. He has also received consultancy fees from Forest, Hoffman-LaRoche, Janssen, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Pfizer. Dr. Alexopoulos has also received honoraria payments from Astra Zeneca, Avanir, Forest, Merck, Novartis, Sunovion, and Takeda-Lundbeck.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 Blomingdale Rd, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA

    Dimitris N. Kiosses & George S. Alexopoulos

  2. University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Katalin Szanto

Authors
  1. Dimitris N. Kiosses
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katalin Szanto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. George S. Alexopoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dimitris N. Kiosses.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Geriatric Disorders

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kiosses, D.N., Szanto, K. & Alexopoulos, G.S. Suicide in Older Adults: The Role of Emotions and Cognition. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16, 495 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0495-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0495-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation