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Impact of Camellia sinensis Iron Oxide Nanoparticle on Growth, Hemato-biochemical and Antioxidant Capacity of Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) Fingerlings

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Abstract

The effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) iron oxide nanoparticles (nano-Fe) on the effectiveness, growth, antioxidant capacity, and immunological response of Trichogaster trichopterus (Blue gourami) fingerlings was investigated. UV–Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Zeta Potential spectroscopy were used to evaluate the biologically synthesized nano-Fe. Characterization revealed the hexagonal and spherical morphology with an average diameter of 114 nm. Six different experimental diets were supplied to the fish in duplicate for 60 days. The first diet served as a control (no nano-Fe supplementation), whereas the remaining five diets contained nano-Fe at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg (D1 to D5). The results indicated that fish fed a nano-Fe diet at a concentration of 40 mg/kg had improved growth performance, biochemical constituents, hematological parameters, and antioxidant activity in T. trichopterus, implying that it might be used as a vital feed supplement in ornamental fish culture.

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Abbreviations

AgNPs:

Silver Nanoparticles

CuNPs:

Copper nanoparticles

D1–D5:

Diet 1 to Diet 5

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

EDX:

Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis

FCE:

Feed conversion efficiency

FCR:

Feed conversion ratio

Fe:

Iron

FeNPs:

Iron nanoparticles

FeONPs:

Iron oxide nanoparticles

FRP tanks:

Fiberglass tanks

FW:

Fish weight

g/kg:

Gram/kilogram

Hb:

Hemoglobin

Hc:

Hematocrit

JCPDS:

Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards

L:

Liter

MCH:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCV:

Mean cell volume

mg/kg:

Milligram/kilogram

mg/l:

Milligram/liter

MnNPs:

Manganese nanoparticles

RBC:

Red blood corpuscles

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SeNPs:

Selenium nanoparticles

SGR:

Specific growth rate

U/mg protein:

Units/milligram protein

WBC:

White blood corpuscles

WG:

Weight gain

ZnNPs:

Zinc nanoparticles

ZnONPs:

Zinc oxide nanoparticles

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Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge the Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli and Department of Zoology, and Rani Anna Government Arts and Science College for Women, Tirunelveli, for their support and cooperation in the study. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the management of VHNSN College in Virudhunagar and MGR College in Hosur, Tamilnadu, India, in performing this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Department of Zoology, VHN Senthikumara Nadar College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India

    Prema Paulpandian

  2. Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India

    Ibrahim Sulaikal Beevi

  3. Department of Zoology, Rani Anna Government Arts and Science College for Women, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India

    Beena Somanath

  4. Department of Zoology, Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Ramesh Kumar Kamatchi

  5. PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur, Tamilnadu, India

    Balaji Paulraj

  6. Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Caterina Faggio

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  1. Prema Paulpandian
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  2. Ibrahim Sulaikal Beevi
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  3. Beena Somanath
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  4. Ramesh Kumar Kamatchi
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  5. Balaji Paulraj
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  6. Caterina Faggio
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Contributions

P. Prema: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Resources; Writing — Original Draft; Writing — Review & Editing; Ibrahim Sulaikal Beevi: Investigation; Formal analysis; Writing — Original Draft & Review; Beena Somanath: Formal analysis; Writing — Original Draft & Review; K. Ramesh Kumar: Formal analysis; Writing — Original Draft & Review; P. Balaji: Conceptualization; Methodology; Investigation; Formal analysis; Resources; Writing — Original Draft, Visualization, Writing — Review and Editing; and supervision; C. Faggio: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Resources; Writing – Original Draft; Writing – Review & Editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Balaji Paulraj or Caterina Faggio.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Highlights of the Study

• Green tea mediated iron oxide nanoparticles (nano-Fe) was novelly synthesized

• Fish fed a diet enriched with nano-Fe exhibited better growth rate

• Nano-Fe increased the hematological parameters and antioxidant activity

• A total of 40 mg/kg nano-Fe diet has been helpful in ornamental fish farming as a supplement

• Nano-Fe is evaluated as a suitable commercial feed for blue gourami culture

Supplementary Information

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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 970 KB)

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Paulpandian, P., Beevi, I.S., Somanath, B. et al. Impact of Camellia sinensis Iron Oxide Nanoparticle on Growth, Hemato-biochemical and Antioxidant Capacity of Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) Fingerlings. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 412–424 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03145-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03145-2

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