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Coenzyme Q10 Depletion in Medical and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Potential Repercussions and Therapeutic Implications

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Abstract

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant, a membrane stabilizer, and a vital cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, enabling the generation of adenosine triphosphate. It additionally regulates gene expression and apoptosis; is an essential cofactor of uncoupling proteins; and has anti-inflammatory, redox modulatory, and neuroprotective effects. This paper reviews the known physiological role of CoQ10 in cellular metabolism, cell death, differentiation and gene regulation, and examines the potential repercussions of CoQ10 depletion including its role in illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease, depression, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia. CoQ10 depletion may play a role in the pathophysiology of these disorders by modulating cellular processes including hydrogen peroxide formation, gene regulation, cytoprotection, bioenegetic performance, and regulation of cellular metabolism. CoQ10 treatment improves quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease and may play a role in delaying the progression of that disorder. Administration of CoQ10 has antidepressive effects. CoQ10 treatment significantly reduces fatigue and improves ergonomic performance during exercise and thus may have potential in alleviating the exercise intolerance and exhaustion displayed by people with myalgic encepholamyletis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Administration of CoQ10 improves hyperalgesia and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. The evidence base for the effectiveness of treatment with CoQ10 may be explained via its ability to ameliorate oxidative stress and protect mitochondria.

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Abbreviations

CoQ10:

Coenzyme Q10

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

O&NS:

Oxidative and nitrosative stress

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κB

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

ME/CFS:

Myalgic encepholamyletis/chronic fatigue syndrome

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

NO:

Nitric oxide

BH4 :

Tetrahydrobiopterin

PUFAs:

Poly-unsaturated fatty acids

UPS:

Ubiquitin–proteasome system

4HNE:

4-Hydroxynonenal

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma co-activator-1 alpha

UCP:

Uncoupler protein

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

ARE:

Antioxidant response element

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial DNA

NRF1/2:

Nuclear respiratory factor 1/2

(TNF)α:

Tumor necrosis factor

(C-X-C-motif):

Chemokine

IL:

Interleukin

n-SMase:

Neutral-sphingomyelinase

CVD:

Cardiovascular disorder

Kfor:

Forward rate constant

UPDRS:

Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale

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Competing interests

No specific funding was obtained for this specific review. MBk has received Grant/Research Support from the NIH, Cooperative Research Centre, Simons Autism Foundation, Cancer Council of Victoria, Stanley Medical Research Foundation, MBF, NHMRC, Beyond Blue, Geelong Medical Research Foundation, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Glaxo SmithKline, Organon, Novartis, Mayne Pharma and Servier; has been a speaker for Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Glaxo SmithKline, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Pfizer, Sanofi Synthelabo, Servier, Solvay, and Wyeth; and served as a consultant to Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Glaxo SmithKline, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck; and Servier. GM, AG, and MM declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK

    Gerwyn Morris

  2. CRC Clinical Research Centre/Communications, Laurel Street 57, Glasgow, G11 7QT, Scotland, UK

    George Anderson

  3. School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdon’s Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia

    Michael Berk & Michael Maes

  4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Michael Berk

  5. Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Michael Berk

  6. Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Michael Berk

  7. Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Rama Road, Bangkok, Thailand

    Michael Maes

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  1. Gerwyn Morris
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  2. George Anderson
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  3. Michael Berk
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Correspondence to Michael Maes.

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Morris, G., Anderson, G., Berk, M. et al. Coenzyme Q10 Depletion in Medical and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Potential Repercussions and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 48, 883–903 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8477-8

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