Abstract
The PhoPhiKat-45 assesses individual differences in the way people deal with ridicule and being laughed at. This instrument encompasses three intercorrelated—but independent—laughter-related traits: the fear of (gelotophobia) and the joy in (gelotophilia) being laughed at, and the joy in laughing at others (katagelasticism). This research tested the psychometric properties of the Spanish form of the PhoPhiKat-45. A total of 636 individuals whose ages ranged from 18 to 70 years participated in three different studies. Our data indicated good reliability coefficients and an adequate-to-good fit for the expected three-factor structure across all samples. As indicators of external validity, prior associations among these three laughter-related traits and diverse research variables were examined. Gelotophobia correlated with low self-enhancing humor; gelotophilia correlated with a high use of all humor styles, especially affiliative and self-defeating humor; and katagelasticism correlated with high aggressive and high self-defeating humor. Moreover, gelotophobia correlated with high subclinical autistic traits and high trait anxiety; gelotophilia correlated with low trait anxiety; and katagelasticism existed independently from both subclinical constructs. Finally, we replicated the location of the three dispositions in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) assessed by NEO-FFI. Additionally, curvilinear relationships among the traits of the FFM and gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism were explored. Inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationships between agreeableness-gelotophobia and neuroticism-katagelasticism emerged. Our results suggest that the Spanish form of the PhoPhiKat-45 can be considered a promising instrument for the study of these dimensions in Spain.
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References
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Funding
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [Project PSI2016–79812-P]; and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports [Ref. FPU14/05755].
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Appendix
Appendix
THE SPANISH VERSION OF THE PHOPHIKAT-45
Instrucciones
Las siguientes afirmaciones se refieren a tus sentimientos, acciones y percepciones en general. Por favor, trata de describir lo mejor posible con tus respuestas tus patrones de comportamiento y actitudes habituales marcando con una X una de las cuatro opciones. Utiliza por favor la siguiente escala:
-
(1)
Totalmente en desacuerdo
-
(2)
Moderadamente en desacuerdo
-
(3)
Moderadamente de acuerdo
-
(4)
Totalmente de acuerdo
Ejemplo:
Soy una persona alegre…………………...........(1) (2) (3) (4).
Si la afirmación te describe adecuadamente, es decir, si eres en general una persona alegre, marca por favor con una cruz la opción (4). Si esta afirmación no te describe en absoluto, entonces marca por favor la opción (1). En caso de tener problemas para la elección de una respuesta, marca por favor la opción que más se aproxime a tus actitudes y forma habitual de comportarte..
Por favor contesta todas las preguntas sin omitir ninguna.
Totalmente en desacuerdo | Totalmente de acuerdo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Si se ríen en mi presencia, me hace sospechar.......................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
2. | Cuando estoy con otras personas, disfruto contando chistes a mi costa para hacerles reír......................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
3. | Me divierto poniendo en evidencia a otras personas, y disfruto cuando se ríen de ellas................................................. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
4. | Evito exponerme en público porque temo que la gente reconozca mi inseguridad y se puedan burlar de mí................. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
5. | No dudo en contarles a mis amigos o conocidos algo embarazoso o desafortunado que me haya ocurrido, aun a riesgo de que se rían de mí........................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
6. | A menudo surgen enfrentamientos por comentarios graciosos o bromas que hago sobre otras personas................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
7. | Si desconocidos se ríen en mi presencia, frecuentemente lo refiero a mí................................................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
8. | Me da igual que la gente se ría de mí o se ría conmigo............ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
9. | Cuando se trata de contar chistes o hacer comentarios graciosos sobre los demás, prefiero el “Ojo por ojo, diente por diente” que “poner la otra mejilla”..................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
10. | Cuando hacen comentarios en broma sobre mí, me siento paralizado/a............................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
11. | Disfruto si otras personas se ríen de mí.................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
12. | A veces me ha ocurrido que personas sin sentido del humor se han molestado conmigo porque me he excedido ridiculizándolas por algo vergonzoso o desafortunado que les había pasado.............................................................................. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
13. | Creo que sin pretenderlo les resulto ridículo/a a los demás........................................................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
14. | En mi grupo de amigos soy el/la que cuenta los chistes, el/la que divierte a los demás (frecuentemente con chistes o bromas a mi costa).................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
15. | Si otras personas se burlan de mí, les pago con la misma moneda pero con mayor intensidad aún.................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
16. | Me controlo intensamente para no llamar la atención de manera desagradable y hacer el ridículo………………........... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
17. | Disfruto cuando otras personas se burlan de mí ya que esto también podría ser entendido como una señal de reconocimiento.......................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
18. | Si se trata de divertir a los demás está justificado contar chistes o hacer comentarios graciosos que podrían ser hirientes o crueles para otras personas……………………….. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
19. | Si en algún sitio llamé la atención de manera embarazosa, después evito ese lugar.............................................................. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
20. | Si alguien me grabase con una cámara mientras me pasa algo embarazoso o desafortunado, no me importaría que mandase la grabación a un programa de televisión de los que emiten este tipo de videos..................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
21. | Considero que algunas personas se merecen que se burlen de ellas........................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
22. | Si una persona se burla de mí no puedo volver a tratarla relajadamente............................................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
23. | Tengo talento para dedicarme a la comedia, para trabajar como humorista o payaso de circo............................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
24. | Al ser sólo diversión, no veo ningún problema en comprometer a los demás de una forma graciosa..................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
25. | Cuando se burlan de mí me lleva mucho tiempo recuperarme..............................................................…………. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
26. | Con el fin de que la gente se ría, me encanta sacarle el máximo partido a cosas embarazosas o desafortunadas que me han ocurrido, y que a otras personas avergonzarían........... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
27. | Reírse de los demás forma parte de la vida. A las personas que no les guste que se rían de ellas solo les queda defenderse como puedan................................………………………….… | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
28. | Precisamente en el momento en el que me siento relativamente despreocupado/a, es mayor el peligro de que llame la atención de los otros de manera negativa y les parezca raro/a..............................................................……….. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
29. | Disfruto haciendo que los demás se rían contándoles cosas embarazosas o desafortunadas que me han ocurrido..................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
30. | Si estoy con un grupo de gente y soy el/la único/a que se da cuenta de que alguien ha hecho o le ha ocurrido algo embarazoso, no dudo en contárselo a los demás....................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
31. | Me es difícil mantener contacto visual, porque temo que seré evaluado/a de manera despectiva….......................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
32. | Cuando estoy con otras personas y me sucede algo embarazoso (por ejemplo, me trabo al hablar o me pasa algún contratiempo) me siento más contento/a que enfadado/a, llegando a reírme de ello........................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
33. | No me siento mal cuando me río de las meteduras de pata de los demás (por ejemplo, cuando alguien se traba al hablar)....................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
34. | A pesar de que frecuentemente me siento solo/a, tiendo a evitar participar en actividades sociales para protegerme de las burlas................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
35. | Cuando meto la pata disfruto un poco de la situación ya que estoy deseando contarles a mis amigos lo que me ha ocurrido..................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
36. | No hay nada mejor que bajar de las nubes a un fanfarrón con un comentario divertido............................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
37. | Cuando hago el ridículo frente a otros, me tenso totalmente y soy incapaz de comportarme adecuadamente........................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
38. | No me importa contar en un grupo algo embarazoso que me haya pasado si sé que a los demás les resultará divertido......... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
39. | Para mí es más fácil reírme de los demás que reírme de mí mismo/a..................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
40. | Me siento incómodo/a bailando porque estoy convencido/a de que les parezco ridículo/a a los que me observan.................................................................................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
41. | No podría sucederme nada que me hiciera sentir tan avergonzado/a como para que no se lo contara a los demás........................................................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
42. | En mi grupo de amigos me conocen por mi “lengua afilada” (por ejemplo, por hacer comentarios cínicos y contar chistes sobre los demás)........................................................................ | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
43. | Hablaría mucho más en público si no tuviera miedo de hacer el ridículo.................................................................................. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
44. | Mis amigos saben que no me da vergüenza contarles situaciones embarazosas que me hayan ocurrido...................... | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
45. | Me doy cuenta de que a veces me paso de la raya y hago bromas que, aunque comienzan siendo inofensivas, resultan hirientes/molestas para otras personas (al menos desde el punto de vista de las personas pudorosas)................................ | (1) | |||
Por favor, comprueba que has respondido a todas las afirmaciones.
SCORING KEY.
GELOTOPHOBIA = 15 items.
Total score in gelotophobia = MEAN = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25 + 28 + 31 + 34 + 37+ 40 + 43.
GELOTOPHILIA = 15 items.
Total score in gelotophilia = MEAN = 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 + 23 + 26 + 29 + 32 + 35 + 38 + 41 + 44.
KATAGELASTICISM = 15 items.
Total score in katagelasticism = MEAN = 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 21 + 24 + 27 + 30 + 33 + 36 + 39 + 42 + 45.
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Torres-Marín, J., Proyer, R.T., López-Benítez, R. et al. Assessing individual differences in the way people deal with ridicule and being laughed at: The Spanish form of the PhoPhiKat-45. Curr Psychol 42, 16287–16303 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00503-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00503-7