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Investigation of Calcium Oxide–Impregnated Zeolite Catalyst Toward Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: Bio-oil Yields, Characterizations, and Kinetic Study

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Abstract

This work investigated the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch using CaO-impregnated zeolite (CaO/HZSM-5) catalyst. An optimum point was obtained via central composite rotatable design at reaction temperature of 567.10 °C, catalyst loading of 3.22 wt%, and CaO loading of 1.25 wt%, with an expected bio-oil yield of 35.31 wt%. Validation runs’ experimental yield was 37.59 ± 1.74 wt%, indicating reliability of the condition. The impregnated catalyst was characterized, and CaO was observed to be successfully impregnated onto HZSM-5 with minor degradation on the catalyst structures. The bio-oil produced through catalytic pyrolysis had increased 16.102 wt% water content, and also lower acid content by 8.02%, and higher aromatic content by 18.86% as compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, possibly contributed by the combined catalytic effect of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst via deoxygenation and neutralization reactions. Kinetic study using Coats-Redfern method indicated the decrement of activation energy and frequency factor by 2.14% and 49.17%, respectively, at reaction order of three with addition of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst. Similar reductions in activation energies in presence of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was observed in model-free methods, and the activation energies gradually increased with process conversion due to differences in valorization temperatures of hemicellulose (300 °C), cellulose (340 and 390 °C), and lignin (> 400 °C).

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Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

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Funding

This study was supported by fundings from Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under HiCoE grant (cost centre: 015ME0-014) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) under ASTIF grant (cost centre: 015ME0-058). This work was also supported in part by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) under SICORP (Grant Number JPMJSC15H1/JPMJSC18E2) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Bilateral Exchange Program (Open Partnership) between Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, and Kumamoto University, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomass Processing Lab, HICOE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Huei Yeong Lim

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Huei Yeong Lim

  3. Generation Unit, Fuel and Combustion Section, TNBResearch Sdn. Bhd., 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Suzana Yusup

  4. Department of Forest Products and Paper Science, University of the Philippines Los, 4031, Baños, Laguna, Philippines

    Menandro N. Acda

  5. Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Bridgid Lai Fui Chin

  6. Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Bridgid Lai Fui Chin

  7. Resilience Development Initiative, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia

    Elisabeth Rianawati

  8. National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    Pornkamol Unrean

  9. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia

    Chung Loong Yiin

  10. Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Chung Loong Yiin

  11. Center for International Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

    Armando T. Quitain

  12. Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Centre (BCGeTEC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Suttichai Assabumrungrat

  13. Center of Excellence in Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Suttichai Assabumrungrat

Authors
  1. Huei Yeong Lim
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  2. Suzana Yusup
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  8. Armando T. Quitain
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  9. Suttichai Assabumrungrat
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Contributions

Huei Yeong Lim: Conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing), validation. Suzana Yusup: Conceptualization, methodology, writing (review and editing), validation, supervision. Menandro N. Acda: Methodology, writing—review and editing. Bridgid Lai Fui Chin: writing—review and editing—formal analysis. Elisabeth Rianawati: Writing—review and editing—formal analysis. Pornkamol Unrean: writing—review and editing, software. Chung Loong Yiin: Funding acquisition, data curation, writing—review and editing. Armando T. Quitain: Funding acquisition, writing—review and edittng. Suttichai Assabumrungrat: Project administration, writing—review and editing.

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Lim, H.Y., Yusup, S., Acda, M.N. et al. Investigation of Calcium Oxide–Impregnated Zeolite Catalyst Toward Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: Bio-oil Yields, Characterizations, and Kinetic Study. Bioenerg. Res. 17, 419–433 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-023-10618-2

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