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Do climate change adaptation strategies improve farmers’ food security in Tanzania?

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Abstract

The damaging effects of changing climate on farm-household food security are steadily increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. Adaptation strategies are important for agrarian households to reduce the adverse effects on their food security. This study employed multivariate probit and endogenous switching regression models to analyze the determinants of farm households’ choice of climate-change adaptation strategies, such as the cultivation of early maturing crops, early planting, growing drought-tolerant maize varieties, using precautionary savings, practicing income diversification, and sale of assets, and their effects on household food security in Tanzania. Information on expected rainfall and temperatures, early warning systems, previous droughts, delays in the onset of the rainy season, sex and age of the farmer, educational level, farming experience, family size, total farmland holding, number of livestock owned, contact with extension agents, and access to credit services were all found to influence decisions by farm households to use strategies of adaptation to climate change. Overall, the adaptation of farm households to climate change increased their food security status. An analysis of “adapter” and “non-adapter” farm households showed that the effect of adaptation on food security was smaller for households that adapted than for households that did not. Thus, we recommend that further effective adaptation strategies such as planting drought-resistant crops, changing planting dates, planting early maturing crops, and practicing income diversification be developed and used, particularly for the most vulnerable farm households, to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on their food security.

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Notes

  1. The questionnaire used for the collection of data for this study included 12 types of climate adaptation strategies obtained from the participating farmers: (1) growing drought tolerant maize varieties, (2) growing early maturing crops, (3) income diversification (e.g., engaging off-farm work), (4) crop diversification (polyculture or intercropping), (5) early planting, (6) selling livestock, (7) precautionary savings, (8) irrigation, (9) moving farmland to wetland areas, (10) minimum tillage, (11) stone and soil bunds/terracing, and (12) borrowing money. However, for the analysis, we used the six major adaptation strategies based on the number of responses in the samples, as we did not obtain a sufficient number of responses for the rest of the six adaptation strategies.

  2. In this study, an “adopter/adapter” is defined as a farm household that reported use of at least one climate change adaptation strategy to reduce the adverse effects of climate hazards, while a “non-adopter/non-adapter” is defined as a farm household that did not use any climate change adaptation strategies.

  3. This is an adaptive measure for climate change, using integrated communication systems to help communities prepare for hazardous climate-related events. A successful early warning system can save lives and jobs, land and infrastructure, and supports long-term sustainability.

  4. “Tropical Livestock Units” refers to the number of livestock converted to a common unit (Benoit & Veysset, 2021). Conversion factors are: cattle = 0.7, sheep = 0.1, goats = 0.1, pigs = 0.2 and chicken = 0.01.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) for supporting our study through the Stress Tolerant Maize for Africa (STMA) project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No. OPP1134248).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, 603-8577, Japan

    Girma Gezimu Gebre

  2. Faculty of Environment, Gender and Development Studies, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

    Girma Gezimu Gebre

  3. College of International Relations, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan

    Yuichiro Amekawa

  4. Department of Agricultural Economics, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia

    Asmiro Abeje Fikadu

  5. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Asmiro Abeje Fikadu

  6. Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Dil Bahadur Rahut

  7. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico, Mexico

    Dil Bahadur Rahut

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  1. Girma Gezimu Gebre
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Gebre, G.G., Amekawa, Y., Fikadu, A.A. et al. Do climate change adaptation strategies improve farmers’ food security in Tanzania?. Food Sec. 15, 629–647 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01348-6

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