Abstract
Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in humans. The prevalence of infection in Iran has been reported 0.009–8 % depending on deferent socio-cultural conditions. This study aimed to determine the frequency of T. vaginalis according to age in patients referred to clinics, hospitals and medical diagnostic laboratories in Karaj city, Iran. For this purpose, fifty positive samples were collected from July 2012 to June 2014 from clinics, medical diagnostic laboratories and hospitals, then transferred to laboratory of parasitology and cultured in TYM medium. The results showed that all isolates were successfully cultured. Among 50 positive specimens, 43 cases were female and 7 cases male. The most positive cases (34 %) belonged to the ages over 50 year’s group. The lowest positive cases (2 %) belonged to the ages of less than 20 years group. In Conclusion, unlike other STDs, which have a higher prevalence among adolescents and young adults, the rates of trichomoniasis are more evenly distributed among sexually active women of all age groups. However, frequency of this infection in women aged over 50 years (age of menopause) is notable and complementary studies are needed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arbabi M, Fakhrieh Z, Delavari M, Abdoli A (2014) Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Kashan city, Iran (2012–2013). Iran J Reprod Med 12(7):507–512
Bafghi AF, Aflatoonian A, Barzegar K, Ghafourzadeh M (2009) Frequency distribution of trichomoniasis in pregnant women referred to health centers of Ardakan, Meibod and Yazd, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2(4):132–139
Bakhtiari A, Hajian-Tilaki K, Pasha H (2008) Genital infection by Trichomonas vaginalis in women referring to Babol health centers: prevalence and risk factors. IRCMJ 10(1):16–21
Bowden FJ, Garnett GP (2000) Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: parameterising and analysing a model of treatment interventions. Sex Transm Infect 76:248–256
Calvet HM (2003) Sexually transmitted diseases other than human immunodeficiency virus infection in older adults. Clin Infect Dis 36:609–614
Cherpes TL, Wiesenfeld HC, Melan MA, Kant JA, Cosentino LA, Meyn LA et al (2006) The associations between pelvic inflammatory disease, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sex Transm Dis 33(12):747–752
Cotch MF, Pastorek JG, Nugent RP, Hillier SL, Gibbs RS, Martin DH et al (1997) Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Sex Transm Dis 24(6):353–360
Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Shannon F, Petrin DP, Garber GE, Hayward-McClelland SF et al (2004) Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 17(4):783–793
Depuydt CE, Leuridan E, Van Damme P, Bogers J, Vereecken AJ, Donders GGG (2010) Epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus infection detected by real-time PCR in flanders. Gynecol Obstet Invest 70(4):273–280
Diamond LS (1957) The establishment of various trichomonads of animals and man in axenic cultures. J Parasitol 43(4):488–490
Donders GGG, Depuydt C, Letter C (2013) Increased prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in mid-aged women is linked to sexual activity and not to hormonal changes. J Low Genit Tract Dis 17(4):1–2
Dunn ME, Cutler N (2000) Sexual issues in older adults. AIDS Patient Care STDS 14(2):67–69
Figueroa-Angulo EE, Rendón-Gandarilla FJ, Puente-rivera J, Calla-Choque JS, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Ortega-López J et al (2012) The effects of environmental factors on the virulence of Trichomonas vaginalis. Microb Infect 14(15):1411–1427
Gavgani A-SM, Namazi A, Ghazanchaei A, Alizadeh S, Sehhati F, Rostamzadeh S et al (2008) Prevalence and risk factors of trichomoniasis among women in Tabriz. Iran J Clinic Infect Dis 3(2):67–71
Harp DF, Chowdhury I (2011) Trichomoniasis: evaluation to execution. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 157:3–9
Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A (2015) Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 114:1291–1300
Hobbs M, Sena A, Swygard H, Schwebke JR (2008) Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis. In: Holmes K, Sparling P, Stamm W (eds) Sexually Transmitted Diseases. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 771–794
Krieger JN, Rein MF (1982) Zinc sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis: in vitro studies and clinical implications. J Infect Dis 146(3):341–345
Lazenby GB, Taylor PT, Badman BS, Mchaki E, Korte JE, Soper DE et al (2014) An association between Trichomonas vaginalis and high-risk human papillomavirus in rural Tanzanian women undergoing cervical cancer screening. Clin Ther 36(1):38–45
Lusk MJ, Naing Z, Rayner B, Rismanto N, McIver CJ, Cumming RG et al (2010) Trichomonas vaginalis: underdiagnosis in urban Australia could facilitate re-emergence. Sex Transm Infect 86(3):227–230
Matini M, Rezaie S, Mohebali M, Rabiee S, Fallah M, Rezaeian M (2012) Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Hamadan City, Western Iran. Iran J Parasitol 7(2):67–72
McClelland RS, Sangaré L, Hassan WM, Lavreys L, Mandaliya K, Kiarie J et al (2007) Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis 195(5):698–702
Minkoff H, Grunebaum AN, Schwarz RH, Feldman J, Cummings M, Crombleholme W et al (1984) Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: a prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 150(8):965–972
Munson E, Kramme T, Napierala M, Munson KL, Miller C, Hryciuk JE (2012) Female epidemiology of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis detection in a metropolitan setting with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection. J Clin Microbiol 50(12):3927–3931
Munson KL, Napierala M, Munson E, Schell RF, Kramme T, Miller C, Hryciuk JE (2013) Screening of male patients for Trichomonas vaginalis with transcription-mediated amplification in a community with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection. J Clin Microbiol 51:101–104
Nourian A, Shabani N, Fazaeli A, Mousavinasab SN (2013) Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women in Zanjan, Northwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 6(8):e7258
Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G (1998) Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11(2):300–317
Poole DN, McClelland RS (2013) Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sex Transm Dis 89(6):418–422
Poynten IM, Poynten IM, Grulich AE, Templeton DJ (2013) Sexually transmitted infections in older populations. Curr Opin Infect Dis 26:80–85
Rezaeian M, Vatanshenassan M, Rezaie S, Mohebali M, Niromand N, Niyyati M et al (2009) Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis using parasitological methods in Tehran. Iran J Parasitol 4(4):43–47
Rowley J, Toskin I, Ndowa F (2012) Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections—2008. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 1–20
Sharma R, Pickering J, McCormack WM (1997) Trichomoniasis in a postmenopausal woman cured after discontinuation of estrogen replacement therapy. Sex Transm Dis 24(9):543–545
Spinillo A, Bernuzzi AM, Cevini C, Gulminetti R, Luzi S, De Santolo A (1997) The relationship of bacterial vaginosis, Candida and Trichomonas infection to symptomatic vaginitis in postmenopausal women attending a vaginitis clinic. Maturitas 27(3):253–260
Stemmer SM, Adelson ME, Trama JP, Dorak MT, Mordechai E (2012) Detection rates of Trichomonas vaginalis, in different age groups, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 16(4):352–357
Twu O, Dessí D, Vu A, Mercer F, Stevens GC, De Miguel N et al (2014) Trichomonas vaginalis homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces prostate cell growth, invasiveness, and inflammatory responses. PNAS 111(22):8179–8184
Van Der Pol B, Kwok C, Pierre-Louis B, Rinaldi A, Salata RA, Chen P-L et al (2008) Trichomonas vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in African women. J Infect Dis 197(4):548–554
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M et al (2013) Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859):2163–2196
Acknowledgments
This study was fund by Tarbiat Modares University. The authors wish to thank Kamali Hospital, Razi, Fardis Markazi, Gohardasht and Yas Medical Diagnostic Laboratories personnel in Karaj city for their assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Momeni, Z., Sadraei, J., Kazemi, B. et al. Trichomoniasis in older individuals: a preliminary report from Iran. J Parasit Dis 40, 1597–1600 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-015-0737-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-015-0737-2