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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Graphene-Based Important Carbon Structures and Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications as Chemical Capacitors and Supercapacitor Electrodes: a Review

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This article was retracted on 06 April 2024

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Abstract

The graphene-based materials are promising for applications in supercapacitors and other energy storage devices due to the intriguing properties, i.e., highly tunable surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, good chemical stability, and excellent mechanical behavior. This review summarizes recent development on graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes, based on their macrostructural complexity, i.e., zero-dimensional (0D) (e.g., free-standing graphene dots and particles), one-dimensional (1D) (e.g., fiber-type and yarn-type structures), two-dimensional (2D) (e.g., graphenes and graphene-based nanocomposite films), and three-dimensional (3D) (e.g., graphene foam and hydrogel-based nanocomposites). There are extensive and on-going researches on the rationalization of their structures at varying scales and dimensions, development of effective and low-cost synthesis techniques, design and architecturing of graphene-based materials, as well as clarification of their electrochemical performance. There are several methods for producing graphene, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Graphene-based materials have great potential to be employed in supercapacitors due to their unique two-dimensional structure and inherent physical properties like excellent electrical conductivity and large area. This text summarizes recent developments within the sector of supercapacitors, including double-layer capacitors and quasi-capacitors. The pros and cons of using them in supercapacitors are discussed. Compared to traditional electrodes, graphene-based materials show some new properties and mechanisms within the method of energy storage and release. During this paper, we briefly describe carbon structures, particularly graphene, and also the history of graphene discovery, and briefly describe the synthesis methods, properties, characterization methods, and applications of graphene.

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Change history

Abbreviations

0D:

zero-dimensional

1D:

one-dimensional

2D:

two-dimensional

3D:

three-dimensional

EDLCs:

electric double-layer capacitors

CVD:

chemical vapor deposition

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

PMMA:

polymethyl methacrylate

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Acknowledgements

Department of Chemistry, Sousangerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sousangerd, Iran.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.

Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran.

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the University of Kufa and Al Mustarqbal University College for their support of project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, 54001, Iraq

    Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim

  2. Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit (NAMRU), Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, 54001, Iraq

    Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim

  3. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

    Azher M. Abed

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq

    Hayder Al-Madhhachi

  5. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq

    Salema K. Hadrawi

  6. Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq

    Hasan Mahdi M. Al-Khateeb

  7. Department of Chemistry, Sousangerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sousangerd, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ehsan Kianfar

  9. Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

  10. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

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Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim, Azher M. Abed, Hayder Al-Madhhachi, Salema K. Hadrawi, Hasan Mahdi M. Al-Khateeb, ehsan kianfar: investigation, concept, and design, data curation, conceptualization, writing—original draft, reviewing, and editing.

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Smaisim, G.F., Abed, A.M., Al-Madhhachi, H. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Graphene-Based Important Carbon Structures and Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications as Chemical Capacitors and Supercapacitor Electrodes: a Review. BioNanoSci. 13, 219–248 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-022-01048-z

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