Abstract
Solid residues obtained after essential oil extraction from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Java citronella) was explored as a potential source of phenolics/antioxidant. Both the non-distilled plant materials and their solid residues were extracted with Soxhlet extraction method using solvents of various polarity viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, water and various combination of (50% and 75%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water. Different antioxidant assays like 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide anion (SO) radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and iron chelating ability along with total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was measured to evaluate the extract. Compared to distilled materials, the non-distilled plant materials had significantly higher TPC/TFC content and also exhibited higher antioxidant activities. 50% aqueous methanol showed the highest extractive yield, whereas 75% aqueous methanol exhibited the highest TPC and TFC content. The 50% or 75% aqueous methanolic extract also exhibited the highest DPPH, ABTS and SO scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power activity. However, ethyl acetate and 75% aqueous acetone extract of non-distilled and distilled plant materials, respectively showed the highest iron chelating activity. The half maximal effective concentration (IC50 = µg/mL) for DPPH, ABTS, SO and metal chelating ability in non-distilled plant extract ranged from 64–387, 92–761, 285–870, and 164–924, respectively, and corresponding value of distilled materials ranged from 144–865, 239–792, 361–833 and 374–867, respectively. The EC50 (µg/mL) for FRAP assay ranged from 118–840 and 151–952 for non-distilled and distilled materials, respectively. The findings of this study indicate the potential of these by-products as a natural antioxidants source.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alfa IM, Dahunsi SO, Iorhemen OT, Okafor CC, Ajayi SA (2014) Comparative evaluation of biogas production from poultry droppings, cow dung and lemon grass. Bioresour Technol 157:270–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.108
Annegowda HV, Mordi MN, Ramanathan S, Hamdan MR, Mansor SM (2012) Effect of extraction techniques on phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Baulina purpurea: HPTLC determination of antioxidants. Food Anal Method 5(2):226–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-011-9228-y
Awika JM, Rooney LW, Wu X, Prior RL, Cisneros-Zevallos L (2003) Screening methods to measure antioxidant activity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum products. J Agric Food Chem 51(23):6657–6662. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034790i
Chakraborty K, Joseph D, Praveen NK (2015) Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of three red seaweeds (Division: Rhodophyta) harvested from the Gulf of Mannar of Peninsular India. J Food Sci Technol 52(4):1924–1935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1189-2
Chatha SAS, Anwar F, Manzoor M (2006) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of rice bran extracts using different antioxidant assays. Grasas Aceites 57:328–335
Deka H, Deka S, Baruah CK, Das J, Hoque S, Sarma NS (2011) Vermicomposting of distillation waste of citronella plant (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) employing Eudriluseugeniae. Bioresour Technol 102(13):6944–6950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.027
Dhanani T, Shah S, Gajbhiye NA, Kumar S (2013) Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Arab J Chem 10:S1193–S1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015
Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, Ju YH (2014) Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J Food Drug Anal 22(3):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
Dorman HJD, Peltoketo A, Hiltunen R, Tikkanen MJ (2003) Characterization of the antioxidant properties of de-odourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chem 83(2):255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00088-8
FDA (2012) Guidance for industry. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm073395.pdf. Accessed 28 Sept 2015
Gavarić N, Kladar N, Mišan A, Nikolić A, Samojlik I, Mimica-Dukić N, Božin B (2015) Post distillation waste material of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae) as a potential source of biologically active compounds. Ind Crops Prod 74:457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.070
González-Montelongo R, Lobo MG, González M (2010) Antioxidant activity in banana peel extracts: testing extraction conditions and related bioactive compounds. Food Chem 119(3):1030–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.08.012
Hossain MA, AL-Raqmi KAS, AL-Mijizy ZH, Weli AM, Al-Riyami Q (2013) Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pac J Biomed 3(9):705–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60142-2
Kusmardiyani S, Fidrianny I, Alfianti F (2016) Antioxidant profile and phytochemical content of three kinds of lemon grass grown in West Java-Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 9(4):381–385
Leite BL, Bonfim RR, Antoniolli AR, Thomazzi SM, Araújo AA, Blank AF, Estevam CS, Cambui EV, Bonjardim LR, Albuquerque Júnior RL, Quintans-Júnior LJ (2010) Assessment of antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cymbopogon winterianus leaf essential oil. Pharm Biol 48(10):1164–1169. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903280000
Lim YY, Lim TT, Tee JJ (2007) Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: a comparative study. Food Chem 103:1003–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.038
Liu F, Ooi VEC, Chang ST (1997) Free radical scavenging activities of mushroom polysaccharide extracts. Life Sci 60:763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00004-0
Liyana-Pathiranan CM, Shahidi F (2005) Antioxidant activity of commercial soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L) as affected by gastric pH conditions. J Agric Food Chem 53:2433–2440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049320i
Martino LD, Mancini E, Almeida LFRD, Feo VD (2010) The anti germinative activity of twenty-seven monoterpenes. Molecules 15(9):6630–6637. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096630
Naik SR, Pilgaonkar VW, Panda VS (2006) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in rat brain. Phytother Res 20(11):1013–1016. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1976
Nandapure SP, Wankhade SG, Jadhao SM, Bhoyar SM, Wanjari SS, Sarode RB (2016) Quality parameters of Java citronella oil as influenced by nutrient management under inceptisols. Int J Trop Agric 34(3):579–584
Ortiz-de Elguea-Culebras G, Berruga MI, Santana-Méridas O, Herraiz-Peñalver D, Sánchez-Vioque R (2017) Chemical composition and antioxidant capacities of four Mediterranean industrial essential oils and their resultant distilled solid by-products. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 119(12):1700242. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201700242
Parejo I, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Rosas-Romero A, Flerlage N, Burillo J, Codina C (2002) Comparison between the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of six distilled and non-distilled Mediterranean herbs and aromatic plants. J Agric Food Chem 50(23):6882–6890. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020540a
Plánder S, Gontaru L, Blazics B, Veres K, Kéry A, Kareth S, Simándi B (2012) Major antioxidant constituents from Satureja hortensis L. extracts obtained with different solvents. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 114:772–779. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201100273
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 26(9–10):1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Robak J, Gryglewski IR (1988) Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochem Pharmacol 37:837–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(88)90169-4
Sabeena-Farvin KH, Jacobsen C (2013) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of selected species of seaweeds from Danish coast. Food Chem 138:1670–1681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.078
Saha A, Basak BB, Ponnuchamy M (2019) Performance of activated carbon derived from Cymbopogon winterianus distillation waste for scavenging of aqueous toxic anionic dye Congo red: comparison with commercial activated carbon. Sep Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1620277
Santana-Méridas O, González-Coloma A, Sánchez-Vioque R (2012) Agricultural residues as a source of bioactive natural products. Phytochem Rev 11(4):447–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-012-9266-0
Shen J, Shao X (2005) A comparison of accelerated solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco. Anal Bioanal Chem 383:1003–1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-0078-6
Singh NK, Vemu B, Nandi A, Singh H, Kumar R, Dumka VK (2014) Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitol Res 113(1):341–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3660-4
Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventos RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Methods Enzymol 299:152–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
Tohidi B, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A (2017) Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chem 220:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203
Tsimogiannis D, Choulitoudi E, Bimpilas A, Mitropoulou G, Kourkoutas Y, Oreopoulou V (2017) Exploitation of the biological potential of Satureja thymbra essential oil and distillation by-products. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 4:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.07.002
Venugopalan S, Sharma A, Venugopalan V, Gautam H (2008) Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of extracts from Piper betle leaves. Biomed Pharmacol J 1(1):115–120
Wang J, Zhao YM, Guo CY, Zhang SM, Liu CL, Zhang DS, Bai XM (2012) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Inula helenium. Pharmacogn Mag 8(30):166. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.96581
Yu L, Haley S, Perret J, Harris M (2002) Antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat extracts. Food Chem 78(4):457–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00156-5
Acknowledgements
The senior author is thankful to the Director, ICAR-DMAPR, Anand for providing necessary facilities during the period of this investigation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All the authors contributed equally for this work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saha, A., Basak, B.B., Manivel, P. et al. Valorization of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) distillation waste as a potential source of phenolics/antioxidant: influence of extraction solvents. J Food Sci Technol 58, 255–266 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04538-8
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04538-8