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Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances

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Abstract

Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. Arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. For future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve our understanding of virus-vector interactions. In the last decade knowledge of arthropod antiviral immunity has increased rapidly. RNAi has been proposed as the most important antiviral response in mosquitoes and it is likely to be the most important antiviral response in all arthropods. However, other newly-discovered antiviral strategies such as melanisation and the link between RNAi and the JAK/STAT pathway via the cytokine Vago have been characterised in the last few years. This review aims to summarise the most important and most recent advances made in arthropod antiviral immunity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr Mark Fife and Dr Simon Carpenter for providing information on the Culicoides genome project. Claudia Rückert is an Early Stage Researcher supported by the POSTICK ITN (Post-graduate training network for capacity building to control ticks and tick-borne diseases) within the FP7- PEOPLE – ITN programme (European Union Grant No. 238511). Lesley Bell-Sakyi, John Fazakerley and Rennos Fragkoudis are supported by the United Kingdom Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council’s Strategic Programme Grant and National Capability Grant to the Pirbright Institute.

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  1. The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK

    Claudia Rückert, Lesley Bell-Sakyi, John K. Fazakerley & Rennos Fragkoudis

  2. The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

    Claudia Rückert

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  1. Claudia Rückert
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Correspondence to Rennos Fragkoudis.

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Rückert, C., Bell-Sakyi, L., Fazakerley, J.K. et al. Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances. VirusDis. 25, 249–260 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0217-9

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