Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are particularly interesting for antibacterial applications, unlike many other forms of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. ZnO is an FDA-approved nanomaterial that is widely considered safe, efficient, and non-toxic at lower doses. In this study, biomass extract of Halimeda opuntia assisted preparation of ZnO nanoparticles and their antibacterial effect against aquaculture pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the ZnO nanoparticles are crystalline in nature with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The crystallite size (D) of ZnO nanoparticles was calculated from the full width at half-maximum of the most intense peak (101) using Scherrer’s formula and was around 33 nm. Furthermore, the various lattice parameters such as lattice constants (a and c), c/a ratio, unit cell volume (V), interplanar angle (φ), dislocation density (δ), and measure of atom displacement (μ) were calculated. Crystalline quality and binding energy were also investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From XPS studies, the chemical valence of Zn at the surface of ZnO nanoparticles was found to be + 2 oxidation state. The morphologies and elemental composition have been studied using SEM equipped with EDAX. The identification and composition of the major bioactive compounds present in the biomass extract of H. opuntia were characterized using GC–MS analysis. Furthermore, antibacterial test was performed by well diffusion assay and bacterial growth kinetics studies against shrimp pathogenic V. harveyi. The results revealed that ZnO nanoparticles at 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 µg mL−1 caused 5, 10, 13, 16, and 19 mm (diameter) growth inhibition zone against V. harveyi, respectively.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Govindaraju K, Tamilselvan S, Kannan M, Kathickeyan D, Shkolnik D, Chaturvedi S (2020) Nano-micronutrients [γ-Fe2O3 (iron) and ZnO (zinc)]: green preparation, characterization, agro-morphological characteristics and crop productivity studies in two crops (rice and maize). New J Chem 44:11373–11383. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ02634D
Govindaraju K, Prerna DI, Veeramani V, Ashok Kumar T, Tamilselvan S (2020) Application of nanotechnology in diagnosis and disease management of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in aquaculture. J Clust Sci 31:1163–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01724-3
J Jiang, J Pi, J Cai (2018) The advancing of zinc oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Bioinorg Chem Appl 1062562.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1062562
Faisal S, Jan H, Shah SA, Shah S, Khan A, Akbar MT, Rizwan M, Jan F, Wajidullah AN, Khattak A, Syed S (2021) Green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans: their characterizations and biological and environmental applications. ACS Omega 6:9709–9722. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00310
Harun K, Mansor N, Ahmad ZA, Mohamad A (2016) Electronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel method: a LDA+U calculation and experimental study. Procedia Chem 19:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.125
Chaudhary S, Umar A, Bhasin KK, Baskoutas S (2018) Chemical sensing applications of ZnO nanomaterials. Materials 11:287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020287
Al-Mohaimeed AM, Al-Onazi WA, El-Tohamy MF (2020) Utility of zinc oxide nanoparticles catalytic activity in the electrochemical determination of minocycline hydrochloride. Polymers 12:2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112505
Vaseem M, Umar A, Hahn YB (2010) In metal oxide nanostructures and their applications, edited by A. Umar and Y.-B. Hahn, Am Sci Publishers, N Y 5:1–36
Wizemann A, Meyer FW, Westphal H (2014) A new model for the calcification of the green macro-alga Halimeda opuntia (Lamouroux). Coral Reefs 33:951–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1183-9
Raghupathi KR, Koodali RT, Manna AC (2011) Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Langmuir 27:4020–4028. https://doi.org/10.1021/la104825u
Xia T, Kovochich M, Liong M, Mädler L, Gilbert B, Shi H, Yeh JI, Zink JI, Nel AE (2008) Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties. ACS Nano 2:2121–2134. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn800511k
Lipovsky A, Tzitrinovich Z, Friedmann H, Applerot G, Gedanken A, Lubart R (2009) EPR study of visible light-induced ROS generation by nanoparticles of ZnO. J Phys Chem C 113:15997–16001. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp904864g
Gudkov SV, Burmistrov DE, Serov DA, Rebezov MB, Semenova AA, Lisitsyn AB (2021) A mini review of antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Front Phys 9:641481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.641481
Nazarudin MF, Yasin ISM, Mazli NAIN, Saadi AR, Azizee MHS, Nooraini MA, Saad N, Ferdous UT, Fakhrulddin IM (2022) Preliminary screening of antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of green seaweed, Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux. Saudi J Biol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.066
Zhang XH, He X, Austin B (2020) Vibrio harveyi: a serious pathogen of fish and invertebrates in mariculture. Mar Life Sci Technol 3:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-020-00037-z
Roohi Fatima M, Dinesh S, Ram Kumar R, Perumal T, Ravi M, Chatterjii Ruchira, Sudhakaran R (2016) Inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles against pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum for the treatment of Vibriosis. South Indian J Biol Sci 2:451–459. https://doi.org/10.22205/sijbs/2016/v2/i4/103452
Khorsand Zak A, Majid WHABD, Abhrishami ME (2011) X-ray analysis of ZnO nanoparticles by Williamson-Hall and size-strain plot methods. Solid State Sci 13:251–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.11.024
Cullity BD (1956) Elements of X-ray diffraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., California
Barret CS, Massalski TB (1980) Structure of metals. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Seetawan U, Jugsujinds S, Seetawan T, Ratchasin A, Euvananont C, Junin C, Thanachayanont C, Chainaronk P (2011) Effect of calcinations temperature on crystallography and nanoparticles in ZnO disk. Mater Sci Appl 2:1302–1306. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2011.29176
Vijai Anand K, Mohan R, Mohankumar R, Karlchinnu M, Jayavel R (2011) Controlled synthesis and characterization of cerium-doped ZnS nanoparticles in HMTA matrix. Int J Nanoscience 10:487–493. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X11008253
Gondal MA, Drmosh QA, Yamani ZH, Saleh TA (2009) Synthesis of ZnO2 nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid and their annealing transformation into ZnO nanopaticles. Appl Surf Sci 256:298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.08.019
Raoufi D (2013) Synthesis and microstructural properties by precipitation method. Renew Ener 50:932–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.076
Babu B, Aswani T, Rao GT, Stella RJ, Jayaraja B, Ravikumar RVSSN (2014) Room temperature ferromagnetism and optical properties of Cu2+ doped ZnO nanopowder by ultrasound assisted solid state reaction technique. J Magnetism Magnetic Mater 355:76–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.11.038
Parvin T, Keerthiraj N, Ibrahim IA, Phanichphant S, Byrappa K (2012) Photocatalytic degradation of municipal wastewater and brilliant blue dye using hydrothermally synthesized surface-modified silver-doped ZnO designer particles. Int J Photoenergy 67:610–618. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/670610
Gayen RN, Sarkar K, Hussain S, Bhar R, Pal AK (2011) ZnO films prepared by modified sol-gel technique. Indian J Pure and Appl Phy 49:470–477. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/12008-26
Nakamoto K (1997) Infrared spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, USA
Cao H, Zhao YG, Ong HC, Ho ST, Dai JY, Wu JY, Chang RPH (1998) Ultraviolet lasing in resonators formed by scattering in semiconductor polycrystalline films. Appl Phys Lett 73:3656–3658. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.122853
Wagner CD, Gale LH, Raymond RH (1979) Two-dimensional chemical state plots: a standardized data set for use in identifying chemical states by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Chem 51:466–482. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50040a704
Al-Gaashani R, Radiman S, Daud AR, Tabet N, Al-Douri Y (2013) XPS and optical studies of different morphologies of ZnO nanostructures prepared by microwave methods. Ceramics Int 39:2283–2292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.08.075
Zheng JH, Jiang Q, Lian JS (2011) Synthesis and optical properties of flower-like ZnO nanorods by thermal evaporation method. Appl Surf Sci 257:5083–5087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.025
JF Moulder, WF Stickle, PE Sobol, KD Bomben (1992) In: J. Chastain (Ed.), Handbook of X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Perkin- Elmer Corporation, Eden Prairie; MN; USA.
Das J, Pradhan SK, Sahu DR, Mishra DK, Sarangi SN, Nayak BB, Verma S, Roul BK (2010) Micro-Raman and XPS studies of pure ZnO ceramics. Physica B 405:2492–2497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2010.03.020
Zhou H, Li Z (2005) Synthesis of nanowires; nanorods and nanoparticles of ZnO through modulating the ratio of water to methanol by using a mild and simple solution method. Mater Chem Phys 89:326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.09.006
Uma Suganya KS, Govindaraju K, Ganesh Kumar V, Stalin Dhas T, Karthick V, Singaravelu G, Elanchezhiyan M (2015) Size controlled biogenic silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agent against isolates from HIV infected patients. Spectrochim Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spec 144:266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.074
Arakha M, Saleem M, Mallick BC, Jha S (2015) The effects of interfacial potential on antimicrobial propensity of ZnO nanoparticle. Sci Rep 5:9578. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09578
Kumaresan M, Vijai Anand K, Govindaraju K, Tamilselvan S, Ganesh Kumar V (2018) Seaweed Sargassum wightii mediated preparation ZrO2 nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Microb Pathog 124:311–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.060
Vinu D, Govindaraju K, Vasantharaja R, Amreen Nisa S, Kannan M, Vijai Anand K (2021) Biogenic zinc oxide, copper oxide and selenium nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and their anti-bacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Nanostruc Chem 11:271–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00365-7
Nafisi Bahabadi M, Hosseinpour Delavar F, Mirbakhsh M, Niknam K, Johari SA (2017) Assessment of antibacterial activity of two different sizes of colloidal silver nanoparticle (cAg NPs) against Vibrio harveyi isolated from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacult Int 25:463–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0043-8
R Saraswathy, K Pandiyan, M Muralidhar, D Thulasi, M Jeba, N Lalitha, A Nagavel, AG Ponniah (2013) Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Vibrio harveyi. Indian J Fish 107–112.
Vaseeharan B, Ramasamy P, Chen JC (2010) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized by tea leaf extracts against pathogenic Vibrio harveyi and its protective efficacy on juvenile Feneropenaeus indicus. Lett Appl Microbiol 50:352–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02799.x
Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ (2002) Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir 18:6679–6686. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0202374
Yamamoto O, Komatsu M, Sawai J, Nakagawa ZE (2004) Effect of lattice constant of zinc oxide on antibacterial characteristics. J Mater Sci Mater Med 15:847–851. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSM.0000036271.35440.36
Acknowledgements
The authors KV, DM, SM, and MR thank the management of Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (SIST) for its strong support to carry out research activities.
Funding
The author KG thanks the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)-Earth Science and Technology Cell (ESTC) under Marine Biotechnological Studies, Government of India, for the financial assistance (MoES/11-MRDFIESTC-MEB (SU)/2/2014 PCIII).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Methodology and writing—original draft preparation—K. Vijai Anand, investigation and formal analysis—D. Mahalakshmi, methodology and formal analysis—S. Muthamil Selvan, resources—M. Ravi, writing—review and editing—M. Kannan, conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, and supervision—K. Govindaraju, formal analysis—Ahmed Esmail Shalan.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anand, K.V., Mahalakshmi, D., Selvan, S.M. et al. Biomass extract of green macroalga Halimeda opuntia assisted ZnO nanoparticles: preparation, physico-chemical characterization, and antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 2225–2233 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02397-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02397-1