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Isolation and characterization of an agro-industrial waste-based novel cellulosic micro fillers from mustard (Brassica juncea) seed oil cake: A waste to wealth approach

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Abstract

Bio-based materials with high-performance are being explored extensively at the moment for improving the specific properties of reinforced polymer composites and thereby to extend the life-span of composite-based goods. Bio-fillers are one of the sought materials in the polymer composite industry for use in a wide range of matrix systems. At the same time, the annoying release of various agro-wastes into the environment prompt many researchers or scientists to utilize such wastes effectively for sustainable development by aiming zero-waste concepts. Since the current study was intended to utilize an agro-industrial waste from mustard (Brassica juncea) seed oil cake for the extraction cellulosic micro fillers and its characterization for understanding the applicability of it for polymer composite formulation, along with reducing environmental pollution. The isolation of micro cellulose was accomplished by chemical treatments and its characterization was done through physico-chemical (density, FT-IR, XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy), morphological (SEM, EDX, AFM), and thermal (TGA) means. Relatively low density (1.572 g/cm3) revealed its aptness against synthetic reinforcements for light-weight polymer composites. Likewise, high cellulose content (93.49%) with very less hemicellulose (4.97%) and lignin (0.83%) contents offers good mechanical properties to the fillers. The functional group examination revealed the presence of chemical moieties as hydroxyl, carbonyl, methyl, carboxyl, and alkene groups that confirmed the occurrence of high-functionality cellulose. Although, high crystallinity index (79.3%), desired thermal stability (206 °C), significant surface roughness (23.570 nm), and agreeable particle size (20.02 μm) make the material as a superior reinforcing one. Moreover, the extracted organic material is mainly composed of carbon (45.73 wt.%) and oxygen (41.11 wt.%) with a total yield percentage of 41±1.10 wt.%. Despite of these specific properties, the obtained micro-cellulose could be a viable alternative for synthetic or other bio-based reinforcements in synthesizing eco-friendly polymer composites.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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Funding

This research was fully supported by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok under grant no. KMUTNB-Post-66-08.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

    Divya Divakaran & Malinee Sriariyanun

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Palkulam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, 629401, India

    Rantheesh Jagadeesan

  3. Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

    Indran Suyambulingam, M. R. Sanjay & Suchart Siengchin

Authors
  1. Divya Divakaran
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  2. Malinee Sriariyanun
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  3. Rantheesh Jagadeesan
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  4. Indran Suyambulingam
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  5. M. R. Sanjay
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  6. Suchart Siengchin
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All authors equally contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft, and writing—review & editing.

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Correspondence to Indran Suyambulingam.

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Divakaran, D., Sriariyanun, M., Jagadeesan, R. et al. Isolation and characterization of an agro-industrial waste-based novel cellulosic micro fillers from mustard (Brassica juncea) seed oil cake: A waste to wealth approach. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04346-y

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