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Production of n-butyl levulinate over modified KIT-6 catalysts: comparison of the activity of KIT-SO3H and Al-KIT-6 catalysts

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Abstract

The catalytic activity of propylsulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica (KIT-SO3H) was compared to the performance of alumina-incorporated KIT-6 (Al-KIT-6) in the esterification reaction of the biomass-derived levulinic acid with n-butanol. The catalysts were prepared by functionalization of the silica support with propylsulfonic acid (Pr-SO3H) by post-synthesis grafting using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as a propyl-thiol precursor followed by oxidation. In addition, Al-KIT-6 was synthesized according to in situ synthesis. Catalysts were characterized using various techniques such as XRD, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, SEM, TGA, ICP-OES, FT-IR and elemental analysis. It is evident that increases in catalyst loading, butyl alcohol-to-levulinic acid ratio and reaction temperature significantly enhance the butyl levulinate yield. The reusability and stability of catalysts were evaluated, and it was found that while esterification reaction by KIT-SO3H compound catalyzed under milder conditions, the stability of Al-KIT-6 catalyst was better.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are pleased to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Isfahan University of Technology (I.R. IRAN).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, 84154-83111, Isfahan, Iran

    Alireza Najafi Chermahini & Matin Assar

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  1. Alireza Najafi Chermahini
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  2. Matin Assar
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Correspondence to Alireza Najafi Chermahini.

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Najafi Chermahini, A., Assar, M. Production of n-butyl levulinate over modified KIT-6 catalysts: comparison of the activity of KIT-SO3H and Al-KIT-6 catalysts. J IRAN CHEM SOC 16, 2045–2053 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-019-01677-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-019-01677-4

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