Abstract
The concentration of human activities in urban areas, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and high global temperature values in urban areas have accelerated the research on global warming. They are the most widely used bioclimatic indices to describe the level of thermal sensation experienced by a person due to the changing climatic conditions of an urban area. Thermal comfort is an interdisciplinary spatial issue and a parameter directly affecting urban outdoor land uses. Thom's discomfort index was used to simulate two different climate change scenarios. This study aimed to predict the temporal and spatial changes of surface temperature, relative humidity, and bioclimatic comfort zones of Kocaeli province in terms of climate comfort in the context of SSP 245 and SSP 585 scenarios of IPCC. The current bioclimatic comfort areas throughout the region and their possible situations in 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 were modeled using ArcGIS 10.8 software. In the current map, 79.6% of the city consists of cool areas, 18.6% of cold, and 1.8% of comfortable regions. According to the SSP 245 scenario for the year 2100, it is observed that the cool and cold areas warm up, and the comfortable areas increase to 23.5%. According to the SSP 585 scenario, it was determined that comfortable areas reached 82.6%, and hot areas were formed in the province. The geographical structure's effect on the regions' heating draws attention.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
Abdi DA, Ayenew T (2022) A scenario-based modeling of climate change impact on the hydrology of Ketar watershed, Central Rift Valley Basin. Ethiopia Model Earth Syst Environ 8(3):3473–3486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01314-1
Acero JA, Ruefenacht LA, Koh EJ, Tan YS, Norford LK (2022) Measuring and comparing thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor spaces in tropical Singapore. Urban Clim 42:101122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101122
Adiguzel F, Cetin M, Dogan M, Gungor S, Kose M, Bozdogan Sert E, Kaya E (2022) The assessment of the thermal behavior of an urban park surface in a dense urban area for planning decisions. Environ Monit Assess 194(7):1–13
Al Huneidi DI, Tahir F, Al-Ghamdi SG (2022) Energy modeling and photovoltaics integration as a mitigation measure for climate change impacts on energy demand. Energy Rep 8:166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.105
Aljoufie M, Zuidgeest M, Brussel M, van Maarseveen M (2013) Spatial–temporal analysis of urban growth and transportation in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Cities 31:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.04.008
Amani-Beni M, Chen Y, Vasileva M, Zhang B (2022) Quantitative-spatial relationships between air and surface temperature, a proxy for microclimate studies in fine-scale intra-urban areas? Sustain Cities Soc 77:103584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103584
Becker S (2000) Bioclimatological rating of cities and resorts in South Africa according to the climate index. Int J Climatol A J R Meteorol Soc 20(12):1403–1414. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200010)20:12%3c1403::AID-JOC539%3e3.0.CO;2-V
Bienvenido-Huertas D, Rubio-Bellido C, Marin-Garcia D, Canivell J (2021) Influence of the representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios on the bioclimatic design strategies of the built environment. Sustain Cities Soc 72:103042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103042
Bilgili E, Coskuner KA, Usta Y, Saglam B, Kucuk O, Berber T, Goltas M (2019). Diurnal surface fuel moisture prediction model for Calabrian pine stands in Türkiye. iForest, 12, 262–271. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2870-012
Bilgili E, Kucuk O, Saglam B, Kucuk O, Coskuner KA (2021) Mega forest fires: causes, organization and management. Book Chapter, Kavzoglu T., TUBA- Turkish Acad Sciences, vol. 33, pp1–23, Ankara, 2021. ISBN: 978-605-2249-79-6
Calama-González CM, Suárez R, León-Rodríguez ÁL (2022) Thermal comfort prediction of the existing housing stock in southern Spain through calibrated and validated parameterized simulation models. Energy Build 254:111562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111562
Cetin M, Adiguzel F, Gungor S, Kaya E, Sancar MC (2019) Evaluation of thermal climatic region areas in terms of building density in urban management and planning for Burdur, Turkey. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00727-3
Cevik S, Ghazanchyan M (2021) Perfect storm: climate change and tourism. J Global Dev 12(1):47–61. https://doi.org/10.1515/jgd-2020-0015
Chaturvedi P, Khan R, Sahu P, Ludhiadch A, Singh G, Munshi A (2022) Role of omics in migraine research and management: a narrative review. Mol Neurobiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-022-02930-3
Cheval S, Dumitrescu A, Irașoc A, Paraschiv MG, Perry M, Ghent D (2022) MODIS-based climatology of the surface urban heat island at country scale (Romania). Urban Clim 41:101056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101056
Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Jevrejeva S, Levermann A et al (2013). Sea level change. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1137–1216
Coates SJ, Norton SA (2021) The effects of climate change on infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations. Int J Women’s Dermatol 7(1):8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.07.005
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2015) A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices. Int J Biometeorol 59(1):109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2022.2107475
Dehghani R, Poudeh HT, Izadi Z (2022) The effect of climate change on groundwater level and its prediction using modern meta-heuristic model. Groundw Sustain Dev 16:100702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100702
Din MFM, Lee YY, Ponraj M, Ossen DR, Iwao K, Chelliapan S (2014) Thermal comfort of various building layouts with a proposed discomfort index range for tropical climate. J Therm Biol 41:6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.01.004
Ehrlich D, Kemper T, Pesaresi M, Corbane C (2018) Built-up area and population density: two essential societal variables to address climate hazard impact. Environ Sci Policy 90:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.001
Elaouzy Y, ElFadar A (2022) A multi-level evaluation of bioclimatic design in Mediterranean climates. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 52:102124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102124
Elser H, Parks RM, Moghavem N, Kiang MV, Bozinov N, Henderson VW et al (2021) Anomalously warm weather and acute care visits in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study of privately insured individuals in the US. PLoS Med 18(4):e1003580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003580
Ertugrul M, Varol T, Ozel HB, Cetin M, Sevik H (2021) Influence of climatic factor of changes in forest fire danger and fire season length in Türkiye. Environ Monit Assess 193(1):1–17
Faragallah RN, Ragheb RA (2022) Evaluation of thermal comfort and urban heat island through cool paving materials using ENVI-Met. Ain Shams Eng J 13(3):101609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.10.004
Gulcebi MI, Bartolini E, Lee O, Lisgaras CP, Onat F, Mifsud J et al (2021) Climate change and epilepsy: Insights from clinical and basic science studies. Epilepsy Behav 116:107791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107791
Hanberry BB (2022) Global population densities, climate change, and the maximum monthly temperature threshold as a potential tipping point for high urban densities. Ecol Indic 135:108512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108512
He W, Zhang L, Yuan C (2022) Future air temperature projection in high-density tropical cities based on global climate change and urbanization–a study in Singapore. Urban Clim 42:101115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101115
Hoogerbrugge M, Burger M (2022) Selective migration and urban–rural differences in subjective well-being: evidence from the United Kingdom. Urban Stud 59(10):2092–2109. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211023052
Hussain MS, Goswami AK, Gupta A (2022) Predicting pedestrian crash locations in urban India: an integrated GIS-based spatiotemporal HSID technique. J Transp Saf Secur. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2022.2048759
Isinkaralar O, Varol C (2023) A cellular automata-based approach for spatio-temporal modeling of the city center as a complex system: the case of Kastamonu Türkiye. Cities 132:104073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104073
Isinkaralar O, Varol C, Yilmaz D (2022) Digital mapping and predicting the urban growth: integrating scenarios into cellular automata—Markov chain modeling. Appl Geomat. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-022-00464-w
Isinkaralar K (2022) High-efficiency removal of benzene vapor using activated carbon from Althaea officinalis L biomass as a lignocellulosic precursor. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20579-2
ISO (2005) International Standard 7730, Ergonomic of the thermal environment—analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD Indices and local thermal comfort criteria, Geneva
Jay O, Capon A, Berry P, Broderick C, de Dear R, Havenith G et al (2021) Reducing the health effects of hot weather and heat extremes: from personal cooling strategies to green cities. The Lancet 398(10301):709–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01209-5
Jia M, Choi JH, Liu H, Susman G (2022) Development of facial-skin temperature driven thermal comfort and sensation modeling for a futuristic application. Build Environ 207:108479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108479
Karhinen S, Peltomaa J, Riekkinen V, Saikku L (2021) Impact of a climate network: the role of intermediaries in local level climate action. Global Environ Change 67:102225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102225
Kedward K, Ryan-Collins J, Chenet H (2022) Biodiversity loss and climate change interactions: financial stability implications for central banks and financial supervisors .Clim Policy, pp 1–19.
Kılkış Ş, Krajačić G, Duić N, Rosen MA (2022) Effective mitigation of climate change with sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems. Energy Convers Manage 269:116146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116146
Kumar S, Narjary B, Islam A, Yadav RK, Kamra SK (2022) Modeling climate change impact on groundwater and adaptation strategies for its sustainable management in the Karnal district of Northwest India. Clim Change 173(1):1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03393-0
Labdaoui K, Mazouz S, Acidi A, Cools M, Moeinaddini M, Teller J (2021a) Utilizing thermal comfort and walking facilities to propose a comfort walkability index (CWI) at the neighbourhood level. Build Environ 193:107627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107627
Labdaoui K, Mazouz S, Moeinaddini M, Cools M, Teller J (2021b) The street walkability and thermal comfort Index (SWTCI): a new assessment tool combining street design measurements and thermal comfort. Sci Total Environ 795:148663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148663
Leng H, Han B (2022) Effect of environmental planning on elderly individual quality of life in severe cold regions: a case study in Northeastern China. Sustainability 14(6):3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063522
Liu W, Zhang G, Jiang Y, Wang J (2021) Effective range and driving factors of the urban ventilation corridor effect on urban thermal comfort at unified scale with multisource data. Remote Sensing 13(9):1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091783
Liu Y, Song L, Wang W, Jian X, Chen WQ (2022) Developing a GIS-based model to quantify spatiotemporal pattern of home appliances and e-waste generation—a case study in Xiamen, China. Waste Manage 137:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.039
Lopes HS, Remoaldo PC, Ribeiro V, Martin-Vide J (2021) Perceptions of human thermal comfort in an urban tourism destination–a case study of Porto (Portugal). Build Environ 205:108246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108246
Maniatis K, Chiaramonti D, van den Heuvel E (2021) Post COVID-19 recovery and 2050 climate change targets: changing the emphasis from promotion of renewables to mandated curtailment of fossil fuels in the EU policies. Energies 14(5):1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051347
Mansuroglu S, Dag V, Kalayci Onac A (2021) Attitudes of people toward climate change regarding the bioclimatic comfort level in tourism cities; evidence from Antalya Türkiye. Environ Monit Assess 193(7):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09205-9
Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1997) Heat stress in Greece. Int J Biometeorol 41(1):34–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050051
Melnikov VP, Osipov VI, Brouchkov AV, Falaleeva AA, Badina SV, Zheleznyak MN et al (2022) Climate warming and permafrost thaw in the Russian Arctic: potential economic impacts on public infrastructure by 2050. Nat Hazards 112(1):231–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05179-6
Moghadam SH, Ashofteh PS, Loáiciga HA (2022) Optimal water allocation of surface and ground water resources under climate change with WEAP and IWOA Modeling. Water Resour Manage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03195-0
Molina JR, Lefebvre G, Espinoza R, Horn M, Gómez MM (2021) Bioclimatic approach for rural dwellings in the cold, high Andean region: a case study of a Peruvian house. Energy Build 231:110605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110605
Moran DS, Pandolf KB, Laor A, Heled Y, Matthew WT, Gonzalez RR (2003) Evaluation and refinement of the environmental stress index for different climatic conditions. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 14(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1515/JBCPP.2003.14.1.1
Narimani N, Karimi A, Brown RD (2022) Effects of street orientation and tree species thermal comfort within urban canyons in a hot, dry climate. Ecol Inf 69:101671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101671
Naulleau A, Gary C, Prévot L, Berteloot V, Fabre JC, Crevoisier D et al (2022) Participatory modeling to assess the impacts of climate change in a Mediterranean vineyard watershed. Environ Model Softw 150:105342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105342
Olabi AG, Abdelkareem MA (2022) Renewable energy and climate change. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 158:112111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112111
Öztürk S (2015) Determining management strategies for the Sarikum Nature Protection Area. Environ Monitor Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4302-3
Park Y, Guldmann JM, Liu D (2021) Impacts of tree and building shades on the urban heat island: combining remote sensing, 3D digital city and spatial regression approaches. Comput Environ Urban Syst 88:101655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101655
Patra S, Sahoo S, Mishra P, Mahapatra SC (2018) Impacts of urbanization on land use/cover changes and its probable implications on local climate and groundwater level. J Urban Manage 7(2):70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.04.006
Pimonsree S, Limsakul A, Kammuang A, Kachenchart B, Kamlangkla C (2022) Urbanization-induced changes in extreme climate indices in Thailand during 1970–2019. Atmos Res 265:105882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105882
Razmi A, Rahbar M, Bemanian M (2022) PCA-ANN integrated NSGA-III framework for dormitory building design optimization: energy efficiency, daylight, and thermal comfort. Appl Energy 305:117828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117828
Ren Z, Zhao H, Fu Y, Xiao L, Dong Y (2022) Effects of urban street trees on human thermal comfort and physiological indices: a case study in Changchun city, China. J for Res 33(3):911–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01361-5
Rissanen S, Rintamäki H (2007) Cold and heat strain during cold-weather field training with nuclear, biological, and chemical protective clothing. Mil Med 172(2):128–132. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.172.2.128
Roshan G, Moghbel M, Taleghani M (2022) Spatial analysis of bioclimatic patterns over Iranian cities as an important step in sustainable development. Sustain Cities Soc 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103939
Sağlam B, Bilgili E, Durmaz BD, Kadıoğulları Aİ, Küçük Ö (2008) Spatio-temporal analysis of forest fire risk and danger using LANDSAT imagery. Sensors 8(6):3970–3987
Salata F, Falasca S, Ciancio V, Curci G, Grignaffini S, de Wilde P (2022) Estimating building cooling energy demand through the Cooling Degree Hours in a changing climate: a modeling study. Sustain Cities Soc 76:103518. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8063970
Sathiparan N, Subramaniam DN, Malsara KGN, Akmal MSM (2022) Thermal comfort analysis of fired-clay brick, cement-sand block and cement stabilized earth block masonry house models. Innov Infrastruct Solut 7(2):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00744-9
Sayad B, Alkama D, Ahmad H, Baili J, Aljahdaly NH, Menni Y (2021) Nature-based solutions to improve the summer thermal comfort outdoors. Case Stud Therm Eng 28:101399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101399
Sein ZMM, Ullah I, Iyakaremye V, Azam K, Ma X, Syed S, Zhi X (2022) Observed spatiotemporal changes in air temperature, dew point temperature and relative humidity over Myanmar during 2001–2019. Meteorol Atmos Phys 134(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-021-00837-7
Sevinc V, Kucuk O, Goltas M (2020) A Bayesian network model for prediction and analysis of possible forest fire causes. For Ecol Manage 457:117723
Shah M, Lone MA (2022) Modeling the impact of climate change on the flow regimes of River Sindh of Kashmir Valley. J Inst Eng (india) Ser A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-022-00672-y
Sharifi A (2021) Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: a literature review. Sci Total Environ 750:141642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141642
Sulhan OF, Sevik H, Isinkaralar K (2022) Assessment of Cr and Zn deposition on Picea pungens Engelm. in urban air of Ankara. Environ Dev Sustain, Türkiye. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02647-2
Sun C, Lian W, Liu L, Dong Q, Han Y (2022) The impact of street geometry on outdoor thermal comfort within three different urban forms in severe cold region of China. Build Environ 222:109342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109342
Tarekegn N, Abate B, Muluneh A, Dile Y (2022) Modeling the impact of climate change on the hydrology of Andasa watershed. Model Earth Syst Environ 8(1):103–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01063-7
Tekin O, Cetin M, Varol T, Ozel HB, Sevik H, ZerenCetin I (2022) Altitudinal migration of species of Fir (Abies spp.) in adaptation to climate change. Water Air Soil Pollut 233:385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05851-y
Thom EC (1959) The discomfort index. Weatherwise 12(2):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960
Vargas C, Gomez-Valencia M, Gonzalez-Perez MA, Cordova M, Casnici CVC, Monje-Cueto F et al (2022) Climate-resilient and regenerative futures for Latin America and the Caribbean. Futures 142:103014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2022.103014
Yamaguchi Y, Kim B, Kitamura T, Akizawa K, Chen H, Shimoda Y (2022) Building stock energy modeling considering building system composition and long-term change for climate change mitigation of commercial building stocks. Appl Energy 306:117907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117907
Wang Y, Dong P, Hu W, Chen G, Zhang D, Chen B, Lei G (2022b) Modeling the climate suitability of Northernmost Mangroves in China under climate change scenarios. Forests 13(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13010064
Wang H, Lin S, Dai J, Ge Q (2022a) Modeling the effect of adaptation to future climate change on spring phenological trend of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Sci Total Environ 846:157540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157540
Wei W, Nan S, Xie B, Liu C, Zhou J, Liu C (2023) The spatial-temporal changes of supply-demand of ecosystem services and ecological compensation: a case study of Hexi Corridor Northwest China. Ecol Eng 187:106861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106861
Widera B (2021) Comparative analysis of user comfort and thermal performance of six types of vernacular dwellings as the first step towards climate resilient, sustainable and bioclimatic architecture in western sub-Saharan Africa. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 140:110736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110736
WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (2006) WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2005, WMO-No. 998.
Xie X, Chen XN, Xu B, Pei G (2022) Investigation of occupied/unoccupied period on thermal comfort in Guangzhou: challenges and opportunities of public buildings with high window-wall ratio. Energy 244:123186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123186
Yang H, Huang J, Liu D (2020) Linking climate change and socio-economic development to urban land use simulation: analysis of their concurrent effects on carbon storage. Appl Geogr 115:102135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102135
Yang Y, Zhou D, Wang Y, Meng X, Gu Z, Xu D, Han X (2022) Planning method of centralized greening in high-rise residential blocks based on improvement of thermal comfort in summer. Sustain Cities Soc 80:103802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103802
Yayla EE, Sevik H, Isinkaralar K (2022) Detection of landscape species as a low-cost biomonitoring study: Cr, Mn, and Zn pollution in an urban air quality. Environ Monit Assess 194(10):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10356-6
Ye X, Zhu D, He P (2022) Earlier migration, better cognition? the role of urbanization in bridging the urban-rural cognition gaps in middle and older age. Aging Ment Health 26(3):477–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1872490
Zhang W, Li H, Xiao Q, Li X (2021) Urban rivers are hotspots of riverine greenhouse gas (N2O, CH4, CO2) emissions in the mixed-landscape chaohu lake basin. Water Res 189:116624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116624
Zhang Y, Wu Y, Yan J, Peng T (2022) How does rural labor migration affect crop diversification for adapting to climate change in the Hehuang Valley, Tibetan Plateau? Land Use Policy 113:105928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105928
Zhao J, Xiao Y, Sun S, Sang W, Axmacher JC (2022) Does China’s increasing coupling of ’urban population’and ’urban area’growth indicators reflect a growing social and economic sustainability? J Environ Manage 301:113932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113932
Funding
There is no financial support and commercial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Mohamed F. Yassin.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Isinkaralar, O. Bioclimatic comfort in urban planning and modeling spatial change during 2020–2100 according to climate change scenarios in Kocaeli, Türkiye. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 7775–7786 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04992-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04992-9