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Epidemiology of Injuries in Women Playing Competitive Team Bat-or-Stick Sports: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Background

Team bat-or-stick sports, including cricket, softball and hockey, are popular among women. However, little is known about the injury profile in this population.

Objective

The aim was to describe the incidence, nature and anatomical location of injuries in bat-or-stick sports played by women in a competitive league.

Methods

This review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42015026715). CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus were systematically searched from January 2000 to September 2016, inclusive. Peer-reviewed original research articles reporting the incidence, nature and anatomical location of injuries sustained by women aged 18 + years in competitive bat-or-stick sports were included. Two meta-analyses based on injury incidence proportions (injury IP) and injury rates per 1000 person-days of athletic exposure (AE) were performed.

Results

A total of 37 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, and five had low risk of bias. The weighted injury IP was 0.42 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39–0.45]. The weighted injury rate was 6.12 (95% CI 6.05–6.18) overall, and greater in games [15.79 (95% CI 15.65–15.93)] than in practice [3.07 (95% CI 2.99–3.15)]. The ankle was the most commonly injured anatomical location, followed by the hand (including wrist and fingers), knee and head. Soft tissue and ligament injuries were most common types of injuries.

Conclusion

Injury prevention in women’s sports is a novel and emerging field of research interest. This review highlights that injury incidence is high among female bat-or-stick players, but little information is known about direct causal mechanisms. This review clearly establishes the need for enhancements to injury data collection. Without this information, it will not be possible to develop evidence-based injury prevention interventions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Alex Kountouris, a member of Nirmala Perera’s PhD supervisory team, for the contributions he made to this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), SMB Campus, Federation University Australia, Lydiard Street South, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia

    Nirmala Kanthi Panagodage Perera, Corey Joseph, Joanne Lyn Kemp & Caroline Frances Finch

  2. Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia

    Corey Joseph

  3. Latrobe Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Latrobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia

    Joanne Lyn Kemp

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  1. Nirmala Kanthi Panagodage Perera
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Correspondence to Nirmala Kanthi Panagodage Perera.

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Funding

Nirmala Kanthi Panagodage Perera was supported by Federation University Australia via its Postgraduate Research Scholarship scheme. The Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP) is one of the International Research Centres for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health supported by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Conflict of interest

Nirmala Perera, Corey Joseph, Joanne Kemp and Caroline Finch declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

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Panagodage Perera, N.K., Joseph, C., Kemp, J.L. et al. Epidemiology of Injuries in Women Playing Competitive Team Bat-or-Stick Sports: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 48, 617–640 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0815-y

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