Skip to main content
Log in

Guideline contact dermatitis

S1-Guidelines of the German Contact Allergy Group (DKG) of the German Dermatology Society (DDG), the Information Network of Dermatological Clinics (IVDK), the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Working Group for Occupational and Environmental Dermatology (ABD) of the DDG, the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the Professional Association of German Dermatologists (BVDD) and the DDG

  • Review
  • Published:
Allergo Journal International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abbreviations

DD:

Differential diagnosis

LST:

Lymphocyte stimulation test

LTT:

Lymphocyte transformation test

MELISA:

Memory lymphocyte immunostimulation assay

PPD:

Paraphenylenediamine

PUVA:

Psoralen plus UV-A

ROAT:

Repeated open application test

UV:

Ultraviolet

References

  1. Diepgen TL, Elsner P, Schliemann S, Fartasch M, Köllner A, Skudlik C et al; Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft. Guideline on the management of hand eczema ICD-10 Code: L20. L23. L24. L25. L30. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009; 7 Suppl 3: S1-16

  2. Brasch J, Becker D, Aberer W, Bircher A, Kränke B, Denzer-Fürst S et al. Kontaktekzem. Leitlinie der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. Allergo J 2007; 16: 176–85

    Google Scholar 

  3. Nosbaum A, Hennino A, Berard F, Nicolas JF. Patch testing in atopic dermatitis patients. Eur J Dermatol 2010; 20: 563–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Geier J, Uter W, Lessmann H, Schnuch A. Aktuelle Kontaktallergene. Hautarzt 2011; 62: 751–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Schnuch A, Geier J, Lessmann H, Arnold R, Uter W. Surveillance of contact allergies: methods and results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Allergy 2012; 67: 847–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Uter W, Aberer W, Armario-Hita JC, Fernandez-Vozmediano JM, Ayala F, Balato A et al. Current patch test results with the European baseline series and extensions to it from the ‚European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy‘ network, 2007–2008. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 67: 9–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Smedley J; OHCEU Dermatitis Group; BOHRF Dermatitis Group. Concise guidance: diagnosis, management and prevention of occupational contact dermatitis. Clin Med 2010; 10: 487–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Clark SC, Zirwas MJ. Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatol Clin 2009; 27: 365–83, vii-viii

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nosbaum A, Vocanson M, Rozieres A, Hennino A, Nicolas JF. Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 2009; 19: 325–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Coenraads PJ, Gonçalo M. Skin diseases with high public health impact. Contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 2007; 17: 564–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cashman MW, Reutemann PA, Ehrlich A. Contact dermatitis in the United States: epidemiology, economic impact, and workplace prevention. Dermatol Clin 2012; 30: 87–98, viii

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Peiser M, Tralau T, Heidler J, Api AM, Arts JH, Basketter DA et al. Allergic contact dermatitis: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects. Current knowledge assembled at an international workshop at BfR, Germany. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69: 763–81

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lee PW, Elsaie ML, Jacob SE. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens and treatment: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21: 491–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pigatto P, Martelli A, Marsili C, Fiocchi A. Contact dermatitis in children. Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36: 2

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Simonsen AB, Deleuran M, Johansen JD, Sommerlund M. Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis in children - a review of current data. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 65: 254–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jacob SE, Elsaie ML, Castanedo-Tardan MP, Stechschulte S, Kaufman J. Aging and contact dermatitis: a review. Curr Aging Sci 2009; 2: 121–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Prakash AV, Davis MD. Contact dermatitis in older adults: a review of the literature. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010;11: 373–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hermann-Kunz E. Allergische Krankheiten in Deutschland. Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Studie. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 2000; 43: 400–6

    Google Scholar 

  19. Schnuch A, Uter W. Die Verbreitung des Kontaktekzems in der Allgemeinbevölkerung und in verschiedenen Berufen. In: Schulze-Werninghaus G, Fuchs Th, Bachert C, Wahn U, Hrsg. Manuale allergologicum. München - Orlando: Dustri, 2004. S. 296-345

  20. Meding B. Epidemiology of hand eczema in an industrial city. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990; Suppl 153: 2–43

    Google Scholar 

  21. Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, Menné T. The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population - prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62: 75–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lantinga H, Nater JP, Coenraads PJ. Prevalence, incidence and course of eczema on the hands and forearms in a sample of the general population. Contact Dermatitis 1984; 10: 135–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Smit HA, Coenraads PJ. A retrospective cohort study on the incidence of hand dermatitis in nurses. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 64: 541–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Uter W, Brehler R, Eck E, Geier J, Koch P, Peters KP et al. Berufsspezifische Epikutantestung bei Friseuren. Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppe „Berufs-Testreihen“ der Deutschen Kontaktallergie-Gruppe. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 1999; 47: 26–9

    Google Scholar 

  25. Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, Gefeller O. Epidemiology of contact allergy: an estimation of morbidity employing the clinical epidemiology and drug utilisation research (CE-DUR) approach. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 47: 32–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer Th, Schnuch A. Kontaktdermatitis I. Hautarzt 1996; 47: 874–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer Th, Schnuch A. Kontaktdermatitis II. Hautarzt 1996; 47: 945–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Westphal GA, Reich K, Schulz TG, Neumann Ch, Hallier E, Schnuch A. N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 polymorphisms in para-substituted arylamine-induced contact allergy. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 1121–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Westphal GA, Schnuch A, Moessner R, Konig IR, Kränke B, Hallier E et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48: 93–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Reich K, Westphal G, König IR, Mössner R, Krüger U, Ziegler A et al. Association of allergic contact dermatitis with a promoter polymorphism in the IL16 gene. J All Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 1191–4

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Novak N, Baurecht H, Schäfer T, Rodriguez E, Wagenpfeil S, Klopp N et al. allergic contact sensitization to nickel. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128: 1430–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schnuch A, Brasch J, Uter W. Polysensitization and increased susceptibility in contact allergy. A review. Allergy 2008; 63: 156–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Schnuch A, Carlsen BC. Genetics and individual predispositions in contact dermatitis. In: Johansen JD, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin J-P, eds. Contact dermatitis, 5th ed. Berlin: Springer, 2011. S. 13-42

  34. Ross-Hansen K, Linneberg A, Johansen JD, Hersoug LG, Brasch-Andersen C, Menné T et al. The role of glutathione S-transferase and claudin-1 gene polymorphisms in contact sensitization: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168: 762–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Ross-Hansen K, Carlsen BC, Meldgaard M, Szecsi PB et al. Filaggrin mutations are strongly associated with contact sensitization in individuals with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68: 273–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Komericki P, Aberer W, Kränke B: An 8-year experience in airborne contact dermatitis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2004; 116: 322–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Veien NK. Systemic contact dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50: 1445–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Aberer W, Kränke B. Nicht ekzematöse Kontaktdermatitis. Allergo J 2003; 12: 508–12

    Google Scholar 

  39. Häusermann P, Harr Th, Bircher AJ. Baboon syndrome resulting from systemic drugs: is there strife between SDRIFE and allergic contact dermatitis syndrome? Contact Dermatitis 2004; 51: 297–310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kind F, Scherer K, Bircher AJ. Contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine in hair dye following sensitization to black henna tattoos - an ongoing problem. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2012; 10: 572–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Miyahara A, Kawashima H, Okubo Y, Hoshika A. A new proposal for a clinical-oriented subclassification of baboon syndrome and a review of baboon syndrome. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2011; 29: 150–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Levin C, Warshaw E. Protein contact dermatitis: allergens, pathogenesis, and management. Dermatitis 2008; 19: 241–51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hillen U, Brehler R, Dickel H, Eck E, Geier J, Koch P et al. Berufsspezifische Epikutantestung bei Malern und Lackierern - Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppe „Berufs-Testreihen“ der Deutschen Kontaktallergie-Gruppe. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 2006; 54: 47–52

    Google Scholar 

  44. Proske S, Brehler R, Dickel H, Eck E, Geier J, Hillen U et al. Berufsspezifische Epikutantestung in der Altenpflege. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 2005; 53: 50–3

    Google Scholar 

  45. Koch P, Brehler R, Eck E, Geier J, Hillen U, Peters K-P et al. Berufsspezifische Epikutantestung für Angehörige der Heil- und Pflegeberufe. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 2002; 50: 155–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Geier J, Struppek K. Anamnese-Auxilium für die berufsdermatologische Untersuchung von Maurern, Betonbauern, Fliesenlegern und Angehörigen verwandter Berufe. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 1995; 43: 75–80

    Google Scholar 

  47. Geier J, Brehler R, Eck E, Koch P, Peters KP, Rakoski J et al. Berufsspezifische Epikutantestung bei Maurern und Angehörigen verwandter Berufe. Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppe „Berufs-Testreihen“ der Deutschen Kontaktallergie-Gruppe. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 1999; 47: 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  48. Uter W, Wulfhorst B, Pilz B, Raguz J. Anamnese-Auxilium für das Friseurgewerbe - dermatologisches Risikoprofil. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 1997; 45: 165–9

    Google Scholar 

  49. Uter W. Epidemiologie und Prävention von Handekzemen in Feuchtberufen am Beispiel des Friseurhandwerks. Osnabrück: Universitätsverlag Rasch, 1999

  50. Weßbecher R, Straube M, Szliska C, Schwanitz HJ. Anamneseauxilium und gewerbedermatologische Beurteilung bei medizinischen Bademeistern, Masseuren und Physiotherapeuten. Hautarzt 1998; 49: 912–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schnuch A, Aberer W, Agathos M, Becker D, Brasch J, Elsner P et al. Durchführung des Epikutantests mit Kontaktallergenen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008; 9: 770–5

    Google Scholar 

  52. Darsow U, Ring J. Atopie-Patchtest mit Aeroallergenen und Nahrungsmitteln. Hautarzt 2005; 56: 1133–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, Chew AL, Anigbogu A, Stern R et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis. Skin Res Technol 2001; 7: 214–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Fischer LA, Voelund A, Andersen KE, Menné T, Johansen JD. The dose-response relationship between the patch test and ROAT and the potential use for regulatory purposes. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61: 201–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Goossens A. [Alternatives to patch tests]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009; 136: 623–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nino M, Patruno C, Zagaria O, Balato N. Allergic contact dermatitis from heparin-containing gel: use of scratch patch test for diagnosis. Dermatitis 2009; 20: 171–2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Dickel H, Altmeyer P, Brasch J. „New“ techniques for more sensitive patch testing? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9: 889–96

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dickel H, Kreft B, Kuss O, Worm M, Soost S, Brasch J et al. Increased sensitivity of patch testing by standardized tape stripping beforehand: a multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62: 294–302

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lipozencic J, Wolf R. The diagnostic value of atopy patch testing and prick testing in atopic dermatitis: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010; 28: 38–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brehler R, Merk H. In vitro testing for allergic contact dermatitis. Hautarzt 2005; 56: 1141–3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Skazik C, Grannemann S, Wilbers L, Merk HF, Coenraads PJ, Breuer S et al. Reactivity of in vitro activated human T lymphocytes to p-phenylenediamine and related substances. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59: 203–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Skazik C, Merk HF, Baron JM. Diagnose der Kontaktallergie: Warum In-Vitro-Testsysteme? Hautarzt 2008; 59: 339–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kneilling M, Caroli U, Grimmel C, Fischer J, Eichner M, Wieder T et al. Para-phenylenediamine-specific lymphocyte activation test: a sensitive in vitro assay to detect para-phenylenediamine sensitization in patients with severe allergic reactions. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19: 435–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Slodownik D, Lee A, Nixon R. Irritant contact dermatitis: a review. Australas J Dermatol 2008; 49: 1–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Andersen F, Andersen KE. Management of irritant contact dermatitis: continuously a problem for patients and dermatologists. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2008; 143: 207–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nicholson PJ, Llewellyn D, English JS; Guidelines Development Group. Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention, identification and management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 63: 177–86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Seyfarth F, Schliemann S, Antonov D, Elsner P. Teaching interventions in contact dermatitis. Dermatitis 2011; 22: 8–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Spiewak R. Immunotherapy of allergic contact dermatitis. Immunotherapy 2011; 3: 979–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wassilew SW. Hautschutz am Arbeitsplatz. In: Plewig G, Przybilla B, Hrsg. Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie. Berlin - Heidelberg: Springer, 1997. S. 182-5

  70. Warshaw E, Lee G, Storrs FJ. Hand dermatitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic options, and longterm outcomes. Am J Contact Dermatitis 2003; 14: 119–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wetzky U, Bock M, Wulfhorst B, John SM. Short- and long-term effects of single and repetitive glove occlusion on the epidermal barrier. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 301: 595–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Saary J, Qureshi R, Palda V, DeKoven J, Pratt M, Skotnicki-Grant S et al. A systematic review of contact dermatitis treatment and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 845

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhai H, Maibach HI. Protection from irritants. Curr Probl Dermatol 2007; 34: 47–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wulfhorst B, Bock M, Skudlik C, Wigger-Alberti W, John SM. Prevention of hand eczema — gloves, barrier creams and workers’ education. In: Duus Johansen J, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin JP, eds. Contact Dermatitis. Berlin - Heidelberg: Springer, 5th ed. 2011. S. 985-1028

  75. Bresser H. Orale Nickelprovokation und nickelarme Diät. Indikation und praktische Durchführung. Hautarzt 1992; 43: 610–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Behr-Völtzer C, Hamm M, Vieluf D, Ring J. Diätempfehlungen bei Nickelunverträglichkeit. Allergo J 1997; 6: 197–203

    Google Scholar 

  77. Antico A, Soana R. Chronic allergic-like dermatopathies in nickel-sensitive patients. Results of dietary restrictions and challenge with nickel salts. Allergy Asthma Proc 1999; 20: 235–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Erdmann SM, Werfel T. Hematogenous contact eczema induced by foods. Hautarzt 2006; 57: 116–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaaber K, Menné T, Veien N, Hougaard P. Treatment of nickel dermatitis with Antabus; a double blind study. Contact Dermatitis 1983; 9: 297–9

  80. Fowler JF. Disulfiram is effective for nickel allergic hand eczema. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1992; 3: 175–8

    Google Scholar 

  81. Levin C, Maibach HI. An overview of the efficacy of topical corticosteroids in experimental human nickel contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 43: 317–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Niedner R. Grundlagen einer rationalen Therapie mit externen Glukokortikosteroiden. Hautarzt 1991; 42: 337–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Luger TA, Loske KD, Elsner P, Kapp A, Kerscher M, Korting HC et al. Topische Dermatotherapie mit Glukokortikoiden - therapeutischer Index. JDDG 2004; 2: 629–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Veien NK, Olholm Larsen P, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Schou G. Long-term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 882–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Luger TA, Gollnick H. Stellungnahme der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (DDG) zur Entscheidung der amerikanischen Arzneimittelbehörde über die Verwendung von Pimecrolimus-Creme und Tacrolimus-Salbe zur Behandlung der atopischen Dermatitis (Neurodermitis). JDDG 2005; 3: 415–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wollina U. The role of topical calcineurin inhibitors for skin diseases other than atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007; 8: 157–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Meingasser JG, Fahrngruber H, Bavandi A. Pimecrolimus inhibits the elicitation phase but does not suppress the sensitization phase in murine contact hypersensitivity, in contrast to tacrolimus and cyclosporine A. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: 77–80

    Google Scholar 

  88. Saripalli YV, Gadzia JE, Belsito DV. Tacrolimus ointment 0.1 % in the treatment of nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 477–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Amrol D, Keitel D, Hagaman D, Murray J. Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of human allergic contact dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91: 563–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Alomar A, Puig L, Gallardo CM, Valenzuela N. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (protopic) reverses nickel contact dermatitis elicited by allergen challenge to a similar degree to mometasone furoate 0.1% with greater suppression of late erythema. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 49: 185–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Queille-Roussel C, Graeber M, Thurston M, Lachapelle JM, Decroix J, Cuyper C de et al. SDZ ASM 981 is the first non-steroid that suppresses established nickel contact dermatitis elicited by allergen challenge. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 42: 349–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Krejci-Manwaring J, McCarthy MA, Camacho F, Manuel J, Hartle J, Fleischer A et al. Topical tacrolimus 0.1 % improves symptoms of hand dermatitis in patients treated with a prednisone taper. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7: 643–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Aschoff R, Schmitt J, Knuschke P, Koch E, Bräutigam M, Meurer M. Evaluation of the atrophogenic potential of hydrocortisone 1% cream and pimecrolimus 1% cream in uninvolved forehead skin of patients with atopic dermatitis using optical coherence tomography. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20: 832–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Werfel T, Aberer W, Augustin M, Biedermann T, Fölster-Holst R, Friedrichs F et al. Atopic dermatitis: S2 guidelines. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009; 7 Suppl 1: S1–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Mork NJ, Austad J. Short-wave ultraviolet light (UVB) treatment of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands. Acta Derm Venereol 1983; 63: 87–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sjövall P, Christensen OB. Local and systemic effect of ultraviolet irradiation (UVA and UVB) on human allergic contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1986; 66: 290–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Sjövall P, Christensen OB. Treatment of chronic hand eczema with UV-B Handylux in the clinic and at home. Contact Dermatitis 1994; 31: 5–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Stege H. Ultravioletttherapie des chronischen Handekzems. Hautarzt 2008; 59: 696–702

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gritiyarangsan P, Sukhum A, Tresukosol P, Kullavanijaya P. Topical PUVA therapy for chronic hand eczema. J Dermatol 1998; 25: 299–301

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Tzaneva S, Kittler H, Thallinger C, Hönigsmann H, Tanew A. Oral vs. bath PUVA using 8-methoxypsoralen for chronic palmoplantar eczema. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009; 25: 101–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Bauer A, Kelterer D, Bartsch R, Schlegel A, Pearson J, Stadeler M et al. Prevention of hand dermatitis in bakers’ apprentices: different efficacy of skin protection measures and UVB hardening. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002; 75: 491–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Schmidt T, Abeck D, Boeck K, Mempel M, Ring J. UVA1 irradiation is effective in treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol 1998; 78: 318–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Petering H, Breuer C, Herbst R, Kapp A, Werfel T. Comparison of localized high-dose UVA1 irradiation versus topical cream psoralen-UVA for treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic eczema. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 68–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sezer E, Etikan I. Local narrowband UVB phototherapy vs. local PUVA in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2007; 23: 10–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Cholcha W, Leuschner J, Leuschner F. [The tolerability of pale sulfonated shale oil following local and systemic administration]. Arzneimittelforschung 1994; 44: 170–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Pion IA, Koenig KL, Lim HW. Is dermatologic usage of coal tar carcinogenic? A review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 1995; 21: 227–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Schmid MH, Korting HC. Coal tar, pine tar and sulfonated shale oil preparations: comparative activity, efficacy and safety. Dermatology 1996; 193: 1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Schooten FJ van, Godschalk R. Coal tar therapy. Is it carcinogenic? Drug Saf 1996; 15: 374–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Roelofzen JH, Aben KK, Valk PG van der, Houtum JL van, Kerkhof PC van de, Kiemeney LA. Coal tar in dermatology. J Dermatolog Treat 2007; 18: 329–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, Ring J. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Derm Venereol 1996; 76: 472–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. King CM, Chalmers RJG. A double blind study of superficial radio-therapy in chronic palmar eczema. Br J Dermatol 1984; 111: 445–9

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lindelöf B, Wrangsjö K, Lidén S. A double-blind study of Grenz ray therapy in chronic eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117: 77–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Warner JA, Cruz PD Jr. Grenz ray therapy in the new millennium: still a valid treatment option? Dermatitis 2008; 19: 73–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Schalock PC, Zug KA, Carter JC, Dhar D, MacKenzie T. Efficacy and patient perception of Grenz ray therapy in the treatment of dermatoses refractory to other medical therapy. Dermatitis 2008; 19: 90–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kränke B, Szolar-Platzer C, Komericki P, Derhaschnig J, Aberer W. Epidemiological significance of bufexamac as a frequent and relevant contact sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 36: 212–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Geier J, Fuchs T. Kontaktallergien durch Bufexamac. Med Klin 1989; 84: 333–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Cheng C, Michaels J, Scheinfeld N. Alitretinoin: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2008; 17: 437–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, Diepgen T, Berth-Jones J, Coenraads PJ et al. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 808–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Paulden M, Rodgers M, Griffin S, Slack R, Duffy S, Ingram JR et al. Alitretinoin for the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Health Technol Assess 2010;14 Suppl 1: 39–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. English JS, Wootton CI. Recent advances in the management of hand dermatitis: does alitretinoin work? Clin Dermatol 2011; 29: 273–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Granlund H, Erkko P, Reitamo S. Comparison of the influence of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17,21diproprionate treatment on quality of life in chronic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol 1997; 77: 54–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Granlund H, Erkko P, Reitamo S. Long-term follow-up of eczema patients treated with cyclosporine. Acta Derm Venereol 1998; 78: 40–3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Alexandroff AB, Johnston GA. Medical management of contact dermatitis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2009; 144: 537–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Schram ME, Borgonjen RJ, Bik CM, Schroeff JG van der, Everdingen JJ van, Spuls PI; Off-Label Working and Project Group of Dutch Society of Dermatology and Venereology. Off-label use of azathioprine in dermatology: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol 2011; 147: 474–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Lodén M. Barrier recovery and influence of irritant stimuli in skin treated with a moisterizing cream. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 36: 256–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Zhai H, Maibach HI. Moisturizers in preventing irritant contact dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis 1998; 38: 241–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Lynde CW. Moisturizers: what they are and how they work. Skin Therapy Lett 2001; 6: 3–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Agner T, Held E. Skin protection programmes. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 47: 253–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kutting B, Drexler H. Effectiveness of skin protection creams as a preventive measure in occupational dermatitis: a critical update to criteria of evidencebased medicine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003; 76: 253–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Crowther JM, Sieg A, Blenkiron P, Marcott C, Matts PJ, Kaczvinsky JR et al. Measuring the effects of topical moisturizers on changes in stratum corneum thickness, water gradients and hydration in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 567–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Diepgen TL, Svensson A, Coenraads PJ. Therapie von Handekzemen. Was können wir von publizierten klinischen Studien lernen? Hautarzt 2005; 56: 224–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Skudlik C, Breuer K, Jünger M, Allmers H, Brandenburg S, John SM. Optimierte Versorgung von Patienten mit berufsbedingten Handekzemen - Hautarztverfahren und Stufenverfahren Haut der gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung. Hautarzt 2008; 59: 690–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. John SM, Wehrmann W. Hautkrankheiten. In: Fritze J, Mehrhoff F, Hrsg. Die ärztliche Begutachtung. Rechtsfragen, Funktionsprüfungen, Beurteilungen. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. 8. Aufl. S. 473-96

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jochen Brasch.

Additional information

Cite this as Brasch J, Becker D, Aberer W, Bircher A, Kränke B, Jung K, Przybilla B, Biedermann T, Werfel T, John SM, Elsner P, Diepgen T, Trautmann A, Merk HF, Fuchs T, Schnuch A. Guideline contact dermatitis: S1-Guidelines of the German Contact Allergy Group (DKG) of the German Dermatology Society (DDG), the Information Network of Dermatological Clinics (IVDK), the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Working Group for Occupational and Environmental Dermatology (ABD) of the DDG, the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the Professional Association of German Dermatologists (BVDD) and the DDG. Allergo J Int 2014; 23: 126–38

Conflicts of interest

The corresponding author states the following: D. Becker: consultant/expert for employer’s liability insurance associations and accident insurance institutions, speaker’s fees for Almirall und Basilea; T. Biedermann: research funding from Novartis; T. Diepgen: consultant/expert for, among others, Spirig Pharma GmbH, Basilea Pharmaceutica Int., Procter & Gamble, Evonik Industries AG, Firmenich SA, Novartis, speaker’s/training fees for, among others, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Almirall, Spirig Pharma GmbH, Astellas Pharma GmbH, Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd., Leo Pharma, funding for research projects, etc., from Intendis Pharmaceutical, Basilea Pharmeceutica Int., Firmenich SA; P. Elsner: speaker’s fees from Astellas, Basilea, Galderma, Leo, Novartis, Roche, Spirig; K. Jung: consultant/expert for Meda, speaker’s fees from ALK-Abbelló, Meda, Novartis; S.M. John: speaker’s fees from Smartpractice, Spirig; B. Kränke: speaker’s fees from; H. Merk: consultant/expert for ALK, Novartis, AOK, Bayer, speaker’s fees from, among others, ALK, Novartis, AOK, Stalergène, funding for research projects from, among others, Thermo Fisher, Bayer; B. Przybilla: consultant/expert for Janssen, speaker’s fees from ALK-Abelló; A. Schnuch: consultant/expert for brial; T. Werfel: consultant/expert for Lüllau GmbH, Novartis, speaker’s fees from Meda, Biogen, Janssen, Novartis, Astellas, funding for research projects from Biogen, Novartis, Astellas; W. Aberer, A. Bircher, J. Brasch, T. Fuchs, and A. Trautmann state that they have no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brasch, J., Becker, D., Aberer, W. et al. Guideline contact dermatitis. Allergo J Int 23, 126–138 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-014-0013-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-014-0013-5

Key words

Navigation