Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aftertreatment Protocols for Catalyst Characterization and Performance Evaluation: Low-Temperature Oxidation, Storage, Three-Way, and NH3-SCR Catalyst Test Protocols

  • Special Issue: 2018 CLEERS Workshop, September 18-20, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
  • Published:
Emission Control Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A set of standardized and realistic aftertreatment catalyst test protocols have been developed by the Advanced Combustion and Emission Control Technical Team in support of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership. The protocols are intended to accelerate the pace of aftertreatment catalyst innovation by enabling the accurate evaluation and comparison of aftertreatment catalyst performance data from various testing and research facilities to maximize the impact of discovery-phase research occurring across the nation. The protocols address a need identified by the Partnership’s industry partners for consistent and accurate metrics for aftertreatment catalyst evaluation and comparison. The protocols consist of a set of standardized requirements and test procedures that sufficiently capture the performance capability of a catalyst technology in a manner that is adaptable in various laboratories. The protocols provide a detailed description of the necessary reactor system, the steps for achieving a desired aged state of the catalyst, all necessary sample pretreatments to be performed prior to testing, and realistic test conditions for evaluating performance. This article details four low-temperature catalyst test protocols applicable to (1) oxidation catalysts, (2) passive storage (and release) catalysts, (3) three-way catalysts, and (4) NH3-SCR catalysts. The catalyst test protocol descriptions are presented in five (5) sections: protocol general guidelines and the four individual catalyst test protocol descriptions. The general guidelines plus the individual protocol description forms the complete low-temperature catalyst test protocol for the application.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Advanced Combustion and Emission Control Technical Team Roadmap, a U.S.DRIVE report, June 2013. https://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/program/acec_roadmap_june2013.pdf.

  2. Future Automotive Aftertreatment Solutions: The 150 °C Challenge Workshop Report. November 2012. A U.S.DRIVE report from the LTAT Group of the ACEC Tech Team. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1097340.

  3. https://cleers.org/cleers-protocols/

References

  1. Chu, S., Majumdar, A.: Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature. 488(7411), 294–303 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kamasamudram, K., Currier, N.W., Chen, X., Yezerets, A.: Overview of the practically important behaviors of zeolite-based urea-SCR catalyst, using compact experimental protocol. Catal. Today. 151(3-4), 212–222 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ruggeri, M.P., Luo, J., Nova, I., Tronconi, E., Kamasamudram, K., Yezerets, A.: Novel method of ammonium nitrate quantification in SCR catalysts. Catal. Today. 307, 48–54 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Dempsey, A., Curran, S., Storey, J., Eibl, M., et al.: Particulate matter characterization of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) on a light duty engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. (2014). https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1596

  5. Curran, S., Hanson, R., Wagner, R., Reitz, R.: Efficiency and emissions mapping of RCCI in a light-duty diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. (2013). https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0289

  6. Curran, S., Hanson, R., Wagner, R.: Effect of E85 on RCCI performance and emissions on a multi-cylinder light-duty diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. (2012). https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0376

  7. Prikhodko, V., Curran, S., Barone, T., Lewis, S., et al.: Emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating with in-cylinder gasoline and diesel fuel blending. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3(2), 946–955 (2010). https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-2266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Parks, J., Prikhodko, V., Partridge, W., Choi, J., et al.: Lean gasoline engine reductant chemistry during lean NOx trap regeneration. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3(2), 956–962 (2010). https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-2267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sellnau, M., Hoyer, K., Moore, W., Foster, M., et al.: Advancement of GDCI engine technology for US 2025 CAFE and tier 3 emissions. SAE Technical Paper Series. (2018). https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0901

  10. Sellnau, M., Foster, M., Moore, W., Sinnamon, J., Hoyer, K., Klemm, W.: Second generation GDCI multi-cylinder engine for high fuel efficiency and US tier 3 emissions. SAE Int. J. Engines. 9(2), 1002–1020 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sellnau, M., Moore, W., Sinnamon, J., Hoyer, K., Foster, M., Husted, H.: GDCI multi-cylinder engine for high fuel efficiency and low emissions. SAE Int. J. Engines. 8(2), 775–790 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Truedsson, I., Turner, M., Johansson, B., Canella, W.: Emission formation study of HCCI combustion with gasoline surrogate fuels. SAE Technical Paper Series. (2013). https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2626

  13. Sluder, C., Wagner, R.: An estimate of diesel high-efficiency clean combustion impacts on FTP-75 aftertreatment requirements. SAE Technical Paper Series. (2006). https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3311

  14. Knafl, S., Busch, S.B., Han, M., Bohac, S.V., Assanis, D.N., Szynkowicz, P.G., Blint, R.D.: Characterizing light-off behavior and species-resolved conversion efficiencies during in-situ diesel oxidation catalyst degreening. SAE Technical Paper 2006-04-03 (2006)

  15. DiMaggio, C., Theis, J., Li, W., Oh, S., Parks, J., Pihl, J., Rappé, K.G., Stewart, M.L., Fisher, G.B., Howden, K.: USDRIVE and advanced engine crosscut teams: roadmaps and protocols. 2016 CLEERS Workshop, Ann Arbor, MI. https://cleers.org/cleers-workshops/workshop-presentations/entry/60/. Accessed 12 February 2019

  16. Yamamoto, S., Matsushita, K., Etoh, S., Takaya, M.: In-line hydrocarbon (HC) adsorber system for reducing cold-start emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0892 (2000)

  17. Sampara, C.S., Bissett, E.J., Assanis, D.: Hydrocarbon storage modeling for diesel oxidation catalysts. Chem. Eng. Sci. 63(21), 5179–5192 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. GM R&D Unpublished Results

  19. Schmieg, S.J., Oh, S.H., Kim, C.H., Brown, D.B., Lee, J.H., Peden, C.H.F., Kim, D.H.: Thermal durability of Cu-CHA NH3-SCR catalysts for diesel NOX reduction. Catal. Today. 184(1), 252–261 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Xiang, X., Wu, P., Cao, Y., Cao, L., Wang, Q., Xu, S., Tian, P., Liu, Z.: Investigation of low-temperature hydrothermal stability of Cu-SAPO-34 for selective catalytic reduction of NOX with NH3. Chin. J. Catal. 338(5), 918–927 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, and the U.S. Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR) for the support of this work. USCAR is a collaborative automotive technology company for FCA, Ford, and GM. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated for the U.S. DOE by Battelle. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is operated for the U.S. DOE by UT-Battelle. The low-temperature catalyst test protocols are a product of the Advanced Combustion and Emission Control (ACEC) Technical Team, one of 10 U.S. DRIVE technical teams. Contributions from Michelle Wiebenga (GM), D. William Brookshear (ORNL), and Chang Yup Seo (University of Michigan) are greatly appreciated for collection of the round-robin test results.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA

    Kenneth G. Rappé & Mark L. Stewart

  2. Fiat Chrysler Automobile US FCA USA LLC, 800 Chrysler Dr, Auburn Hills, MI, 48326, USA

    Craig DiMaggio & Vencon G. Easterling

  3. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, 37932, USA

    Josh A. Pihl & Jim Parks

  4. Ford Motor Company, Chemical Engineering Department, 2101 Village Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48124, USA

    Joseph R. Theis

  5. General Motors Global R&D, 30470 Harley Earl Blvd, Warren, MI, 48092, USA

    Se H. Oh & Ming Yang

  6. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Galen B. Fisher

  7. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 20585, USA

    Kenneth C. Howden

Authors
  1. Kenneth G. Rappé
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Craig DiMaggio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Josh A. Pihl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joseph R. Theis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Se H. Oh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Galen B. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jim Parks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Vencon G. Easterling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Ming Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Mark L. Stewart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Kenneth C. Howden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kenneth G. Rappé.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rappé, K.G., DiMaggio, C., Pihl, J.A. et al. Aftertreatment Protocols for Catalyst Characterization and Performance Evaluation: Low-Temperature Oxidation, Storage, Three-Way, and NH3-SCR Catalyst Test Protocols. Emiss. Control Sci. Technol. 5, 183–214 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-00120-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-00120-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation