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Osteosarcopenia: beyond age-related muscle and bone loss

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Key summary points

AbstractSection Aim

To summarize current evidence on osteosarcopenia.

AbstractSection Findings

Knowledge on osteosarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome is growing. This will facilitate the development of robust biomarkers and new treatments with dual effect on muscle and bone.

AbstractSection Message

When assessing older persons for osteoporosis, concomitant assessment for sarcopenia (and vice versa) should be included as an essential part of the comprehensive geriatric assessment.

Abstract

Purpose

Osteosarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by declines in bone density and microarchitecture and muscle mass and strength, which has gained clinical interest due to its association with falls and fragility fractures.

Methods

This review discusses the epidemiology of osteosarcopenia including clinical assessment, the pathophysiological aspects leading to the loss of muscle and bone mass, and efficacious therapeutic strategies to combat this syndrome.

Results

The etiology of osteosarcopenia is thought to include genetic and environmental factors which interact with muscle and bone at the cellular level, reinforcing that these tissues are interconnected not only by mechanical aspects, but also by humoral factors. Osteosarcopenia is identified by low muscle and bone mass and impaired strength of these tissues via imaging and physical performance measures.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of osteosarcopenia is of clinical importance since early interventions, particularly resistance exercise, and adequate intake of protein, vitamin D and calcium, may delay the onset of individual components (osteopenia/sarcopenia) of osteosarcopenia.

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Fig. 1

Sourced from Kirk et al. [35]

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS) for providing support for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil

    Gabriela Fagundes Belchior

  2. Universidade Federal do Estado de São Paulo, Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil

    Evela Aparecida Pereira da Silva

  3. Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Ben Kirk & Gustavo Duque

  4. Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, 3121, Australia

    Ben Kirk & Gustavo Duque

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  1. Gabriela Fagundes Belchior
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GFB and EAPS reviewed the literature, while GFB primarily wrote the paper overseen by BK and GD. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gustavo Duque.

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Fagundes Belchior, G., Kirk, B., Pereira da Silva, E.A. et al. Osteosarcopenia: beyond age-related muscle and bone loss. Eur Geriatr Med 11, 715–724 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-020-00355-6

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