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Phylogeny of the anaerobic ciliate genus Sonderia (Protista: Ciliophora: Plagiopylea), including the description of three novel species and a brief revision of the genus

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Abstract

Anaerobic protists in general, and ciliates in particular, are important components of anoxic or hypoxic environments, however, their diversity remains underestimated. Sonderia is a poorly studied genus that is distributed worldwide and is commonly found in anaerobic environments. In the present study, the taxonomy and phylogeny of three new species, namely Sonderia aposinuata sp. nov., Sonderia paramacrochilus sp. nov. and Sonderia steini sp. nov., collected from China, were investigated based on microscopic observations and SSU rRNA gene sequencing methods. Sonderia aposinuata sp. nov. is diagnosed mainly by having a relatively large body size, a crescent-shaped oral opening, numerous slender extrusomes, one suture on the ventral side and two on the dorsal side, and a buccal cavity that occupies the anterior third of the cell. Sonderia paramacrochilus sp. nov. closely resembles S. macrochilus but differs mainly by its oral opening being located closer to the anterior cell margin and its spindle-shaped extrusomes. Sonderia steini sp. nov. is a freshwater species that can be recognized by its shallow buccal cavity, sparsely distributed rod-shaped extrusomes, and having 68–79 monokinetidal somatic kineties that form sutures on both sides of the body. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence data support the monophyly of the family Sonderiidae, however, Sonderia is paraphyletic. The genus Sonderia is briefly revised and a key to the identification of species belonging to this genus is supplied.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project number: 41976086) and the King Saud University, Saudi Arabia (Project No. RSP2022R7). We thank Prof. Weibo Song, Ocean University of China for his comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Fisheries, & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China

    Ran Li, Wenbao Zhuang, Xiaochen Feng & Xiaozhong Hu

  2. Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China

    Ran Li, Wenbao Zhuang, Xiaochen Feng & Xiaozhong Hu

  3. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Saleh A. Al-Farraj

  4. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    Alan Warren

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Contributions

XH conceived and guided the study. RL, WZ, and XF organized sampling and performed experiments. RL identified the species, analyzed the phylogeny and wrote the original manuscript. AW, XH., WZ, XF and SAA reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Li, R., Zhuang, W., Feng, X. et al. Phylogeny of the anaerobic ciliate genus Sonderia (Protista: Ciliophora: Plagiopylea), including the description of three novel species and a brief revision of the genus. Mar Life Sci Technol 4, 493–512 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00142-1

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