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Cellular Uptake, Transport, and Organelle Response After Exposure to Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Current Knowledge and Perspectives for Environmental and Health Risks

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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pollution has become an increasingly serious environmental problem, drawing widespread attentions. Owing to the small size, they could be potentially accumulated and translocated in different organs, tissues, and organelles of organisms and human beings, which in turn possibly causes adverse effects on human health. Some of the organelles are very sensitive to environmental pollutants, including MPs and NPs. In this review, we summarized and discussed the cellular uptake, intracellular transport, and induced organelle response of MPs and NPs. We first discussed the cellular uptake pathways, as well as the intracellular transportation, of MPs and NPs at sizes ranging from tens of nanometers to microns. Both endocytosis and passive diffusion were required for the cellular uptake of MPs and NPs. In the cells, some organelles, such as endosome, autophagosome, and lysosome, were involved in MPs and NPs transportation. We further introduced the roles of different organelles in toxicity induction of MPs and NPs and the relevant influencing factors including plastic size, surface modification, exposure concentration, and exposure model. The organelles of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and cytoskeleton played important roles in the toxicity induction of MPs and NPs toxicity. Moreover, we proposed further research perspectives with the concern of environmental control and health risk assessment. Owing to the long-term existence of MPs and NPs, the control of production and environmental monitoring of MPs and NPs at the cellular level should be taken into consideration in the future.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

AGS:

Gastric adenocarcinoma

BOEC:

Bovine oviductal epithelial cells

DCFH-DA:

Dichlorofluorescein diacetate

Drp-1:

Dynamin-related protein-1

DPS NPs:

PS NPs with decreased crosslinking density

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

hBM-MSCs:

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

HCF:

Human colon fibroblasts

MDCK-II:

Madin–Darby canine kidney type II

Mfn1/2:

Mitofusion 1/2

Mff:

Mitochondrial fission factor

MMP:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

MPTP:

Mitochondrial permeability transition pores

MPs:

Microplastics

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

mt UPR:

Mitochondrial unfolded protein response

NPs:

Nanoplastics

Opa-1:

Optical atrophy-1

OCR:

Oxygen Consumption Rate

PAE:

Porcine aortic endothelial

PE:

Polyethylene

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

POPs:

Persistent organic pollutants

PP:

Polypropylene

PS:

Polystyrene

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

RAECMs:

Rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

UV:

Ultraviolet

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    Xin Hua & Dayong Wang

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XH: Writing, editing, data curation, literature research, and figures. DW: Conceptualization and supervision.

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Hua, X., Wang, D. Cellular Uptake, Transport, and Organelle Response After Exposure to Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Current Knowledge and Perspectives for Environmental and Health Risks. Reviews Env.Contamination (formerly:Residue Reviews) 260, 12 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44169-022-00013-x

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