Internal bremsstrahlung from P32, Sr89, Y90, Y91 and Bi210

doi:10.1016/0029-5582(64)90127-0

Nuclear Physics

Volume 55, June–July 1964, Pages 49-78

https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5582(64)90127-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

Spectra of internal bremsstrahlung from the beta decays of P³², Sr⁸⁹, Y⁹⁰, Y⁹¹ and Bi²¹⁰ have been measured in a coincidence experiment. The beta particles are detected by an anthracene scintillation spectrometer and the bremsstrahlung spectrum is measured by asodium iodide scintillation spectrometer.

P³² is an allowed beta emitter and the experimental results are compared with the theory of Knipp and Uhlenbeck and of Bloch, (corrected for the Coulomb effect). The agreement is very good.

Sr⁸⁹, Y⁹⁰ and Y⁹¹ are classified as beta emitters of first order unique forbidden type. The calculations of Madansky et al. (corrected for Coulomb effects) are used for comparison with the experiment. Reasonable agreement is found at the low energy ends of the spectra; but the experiment shows a considerable excess in the medium and high energy ranges.

The results for Bi²¹⁰ are compared with the calculations of Knipp and Uhlenbeck for an allowed transition. The experimental β-spectrum has been used and the Coulomb correction has been performed according to the method of Nilsson. It is found that the calculated spectra fit the experimental ones fairly well.

References (46)

J.K. Knipp et al.
Physica
(1936)
B. Persson et al.
Nuclear Physics
(1959)
J.E. Thun et al.
Nuclear Physics
(1960)
G.B.B. Chaplin et al.
Nucl. Instr.
(1959)
H. Daniel
Nuclear Physics
(1962)
F. Bloch
Phys. Rev.
(1936)
C.S. Chang et al.
Phys. Rev.
(1949)
L. Madansky et al.
Phys. Rev.
(1951)
R.E. Cutkosky
Phys. Rev.
(1954)
S.B. Nilsson
Ark. f. Fys.
(1956)

R.R. Lewis et al.

Phys. Rev.

(1957)

L. Spruch et al.

Phys. Rev.

(1959)

R. Vihn-Mau

Nuovo Cim.

(1961)

G. Felsner

Z. f. Phys.

(1963)

L. Madansky et al.

Phys. Rev.

(1951)

T.B. Novey

Phys. Rev.

(1953)

P. Bolgiano et al.

Phys. Rev.

(1953)

A. Michalowicz

J. Phys. et Radium

(1954)

M. Goodrich et al.

Phys. Rev.

(1954)

M.A. Hakeem et al.

Nuclear Physics

(1962)

K. Lidén et al.

Phys. Rev.

(1955)

K.A. Korotkov et al.

Bull. Acad. Science USSR (Columbia Techn. Transl.)

(1961)

H. Langevin-Joliot

Ann. de Phys.

(1957)

Cited by (19)

Internal Bremsstrahlung emission during 32P decay
2022, Radiation Measurements
Citation Excerpt :
A few years later, Hakeem and Goodrich (1962) carried out independent measurements of 32P IB spectrum and compared them with the existing data and with the theory proposed by Lewis and Ford (1957); the authors found a good agreement with the theory and concluded that a first-order Coulomb correction to KUB model is adequate to describe the 32P IB spectrum. These results were in agreement with those published by Persson and colleagues (Persson and Johansson, 1959; Persson, 1964), whereas a disagreement was found with respect to Liden and Starfelt (1955) data, partially explained by the different experimental setup. This work aims at demonstrating the importance of considering the IB process when trying to reproduce, with MC simulation, measurements of exposure to the 32P emitter and to provide a model of IB spectral distribution for that radionuclide.
The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the role of Internal Bremsstrahlung (IB) in the decay of ³²P, a pure β-emitter with end-point energy of 1.71 MeV and half-life of 14.28 days. IB is a continuous electromagnetic radiation occurring in β-decay, that had been widely studied in the past years. Its contribution, even if appreciable, is neglected in Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as well as in dosimetric and radiation protection calculations.
Ionization current measurements were carried out using a well ionization chamber and compared with MC simulations, performed in the GAMOS (GEANT4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations) framework. Two experimental data sets of ³²P IB spectra, taken from the literature, were used to model the IB photon spectral distribution and to include IB emission as an additional source term in MC calculation.
Without IB, MC simulations underestimate up to about −18% the measured exposure, whereas the inclusion of IB according to either of the two spectra lead to differences of +2% or +8%. Consequently, the IB process is relevant for high-energy pure β-emitters such as ³²P, and its contribution should be considered in all the dosimetric and radioprotection calculations.
Relevance of Internal Bremsstrahlung photons from 90Y decay: an experimental and Monte Carlo study
2021, Physica Medica
Citation Excerpt :
Beta decay is accompanied by a continuous electromagnetic radiation called Internal Bremsstrahlung (IB). Although IB was widely studied in the past years, both from the theoretical and experimental point of view [2–16], its contribution is still neglected when evaluating the exposure to beta emitters that are employed in several applications. Recently, Italiano et al. [1] highlighted the relevance of IB phenomenon for the high-energy beta emitter Yttrium-90 (90Y), an isotope largely used in nuclear medicine and radiochemistry fields.
Internal Bremsstrahlung (IB) is a continuous electromagnetic radiation accompanying beta decay; however, this process is not considered in radiation protection studies, particularly when estimating exposure from beta-decaying radionuclides.
The aims of the present work are: i) to show that neglecting the IB process in Monte Carlo (MC) simulation leads to an underestimation of the energy deposited in a ionization chamber, in the case of a high-energy pure beta emitter such as Yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y), and ii) to determine the most reliable choice of source term for ⁹⁰Y IB to be used in MC simulations.
For this radionuclide, commonly employed in nuclear medicine and radiochemistry applications, experimental data acquired with a well ionization chamber have been compared with Monte Carlo (MC) calculations carried out in the GAMOS framework. Simulations that do not include the effect of the IB process, are found to give results underestimating the experimental values by 12–14%.
Consequently, two models for the IB energy spectra, previously described by Italiano et al. [1], have been implemented using MC simulation and a good agreement has been achieved with one of them.
We therefore conclude that inclusion of IB process in Monte Carlo simulation packages is advisable for a more accurate and complete treatment of electromagnetic interactions.
Enhancement of radiation exposure risk from β-emitter radionuclides due to Internal Bremsstrahlung effect: A Monte Carlo study of 90Y case
2020, Physica Medica
Citation Excerpt :
To explain these deviations, many Authors corrected the KUB theory taking into account other effects. Lewis and Ford [6], Spruch and Gold [7], Felsner [8] and Persson [14] estimated the effects of the Coulomb field of the nucleus with different assumptions and calculation approaches, still providing theoretical estimates in disagreement with the experimental data. In 1969, Ford and Martin [9] studied the effect of the so-called “detour transitions”, not included in the KUB theory, which accounted for only the direct transitions.
Employment of β-decaying radionuclides, used in many fields (industrial, clinical, research) requires a correct assessment of the operators’ radiological exposure. Usually, in the dosimetric evaluation, the contribution coming from Internal Bremsstrahlung (IB) accompanying the β-decay is not kept into account; nevertheless, this negligibility does not always appear justified, at least for high-energy β-emitters. By means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we showed how the contribution from IB photons is noteworthy for the evaluation of the overall radiation absorbed dose in the case of ⁹⁰Y source. We evaluated an increase of the absorbed doses, respectively for a point source and the considered receptacles, up to + 34% and + 60% or + 15% and + 28%, depending on the adopted model of IB spectrum. These results demonstrate the relevance of IB phenomenon in radiation protection estimations and suggest extending future theoretical and experimental studies to other β-decaying radionuclides.
Measurement of the internal bremsstrahlung spectrum of a 89Sr beta emitter in the 1-100keV photon energy regime
2015, Applied Radiation and Isotopes
Citation Excerpt :
Belletti et al. (1962) investigated the IB process using 89Sr at specified angles and a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector in the 150–1050 keV photon energy range. Persson (1964) measured the IB spectrum of 89Sr in the 50–1400 keV photon energy range and obtained different results from those of Belleti (1962); Persson’s results were also found to be inconsistent with the Coulomb-corrected KUB theory. Both Persson and Belleti used a coincidence technique, which has the primary drawback of low counting statistics in addition to other experimental uncertainties.
The internal bremsstrahlung (IB) spectrum of ⁸⁹Sr, which is a unique first forbidden beta emitter, is studied in the 1–100 keV photon energy regime. The IB spectrum is experimentally measured using a Si(Li) detector, which is efficient in this photon energy regime, and is compared with the IB distributions that are predicted by the Knipp, Uhlenbeck and Bloch (KUB), Nilsson, and Lewis and Ford theories. In the soft energy regime up to 15 keV, the measured results are in agreement with all the aforementioned theories. However, from 16–30 keV, the experimental results are in agreement with the Lewis and Ford theory, which applies to forbidden transitions, and at higher photon energies, the Nilsson theory best describes the measured results. The differences among the different theories also increase with the photon energy. The effect of the electrostatic Coulomb field on the IB process for beta emitters with different end-point energies is investigated by comparing the ratio of the IB probabilities predicted using the KUB and Nilsson theories for ³⁵S and ⁸⁹Sr, i.e., soft and hard beta emitters, respectively. The Coulomb effect is shown to be significant in the high photon energy regime and for beta emitters with low end-point energies.
Studies of internal bremsstrahlung spectrum of 35S beta emitter in the photon energy region of 1-100keV
2014, Applied Radiation and Isotopes
Citation Excerpt :
IB spectrum is continuous in nature which extends up to the end point energy of the beta particle and the intensity of IB photons decreases with increase in photon energy. In literature, number of theoretical (Knipp and Uhlenbeck, 1936; Bloch, 1936; Nilsson, 1956; Lewis and Ford, 1957; Spruch and Gold, 1959; Vinh-Mau, 1961; Felsner, 1963; Ford and Martin, 1969; Frolov and Smith, 1998) and experimental (Persson, 1964; Berenyi and Varga, 1969; Flower et al., 1992; Dhaliwal et al., 1994) studies are available for internal bremsstrahlung (IB) accompanying beta decay of various beta emitters of different end point energies. For internal bremsstrahlung in 35S, only few measurements are available in literature.
The internal bremsstrahlung (IB) spectral photon distribution, produced by soft beta particles of ³⁵S (W_max=164 keV), in the photon energy region of 1–100 keV, is measured by using a Si(Li) detector, having high energy resolution and efficiency at low energy region. The measured spectral IB photon distribution is compared with KUB theory and Coulomb corrected IB theories given by Nilsson, and Lewis and Ford. After applying the necessary corrections, the experimental and theoretical IB spectral photon distributions are compared in terms of the number of IB photon of energy k per $m_{o} c^{2}$ per unit photon yield. In the low energy region (below 10 keV), the experimental results are in agreement with all the theories. However, in photon energy region of 10–50 keV, experimental results are in agreement with Coulomb corrected Nilsson theory only, within the experimental errors. Further, beyond 50 keV, the Nilsson theory is more close to the experimental results than the KUB, and the Lewis and Ford theories. Hence, the Nilsson theory is more accurate than the other theories given by KUB and Lewis and Ford, particularly at a high energy end. The experimental results reported here with Si(Li) detector are free from number of ambiguities in earlier measurements reported with NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors. The present results are indicating a relook into the theoretical considerations, given by different theories, while taking into account the Coulomb corrections for predicting the IB spectrum, particularly at high photon energy region.
Inner Bremsstrahlung accompanying the β--decay of 89Sr
1987, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
Inner Bremsstrahlung accompanying the beta decay of ⁸⁹Sr was measured using the magnetic deflection method with a 4.5 × 5.1 cm² NaI(Tl) spectrometer in the energy range 150 to 1450 keV. After unfolding the raw spectrum using the step-by-step process of Starfelt and Liden, the experimental spectrum was compared with KUB, LF and FM Theories. The measured spectral distribution is found not to match with any of the theories in any part of the investigated energy region.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Article preview

Nuclear Physics

Abstract

References (46)

Physica

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Physics

Nucl. Instr.

Nuclear Physics

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Ark. f. Fys.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Nuovo Cim.

Z. f. Phys.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

Phys. Rev.

J. Phys. et Radium

Phys. Rev.

Nuclear Physics

Phys. Rev.

Bull. Acad. Science USSR (Columbia Techn. Transl.)

Ann. de Phys.

Cited by (19)

Internal Bremsstrahlung emission during <sup>32</sup>P decay

Relevance of Internal Bremsstrahlung photons from <sup>90</sup>Y decay: an experimental and Monte Carlo study

Enhancement of radiation exposure risk from β-emitter radionuclides due to Internal Bremsstrahlung effect: A Monte Carlo study of <sup>90</sup>Y case

Measurement of the internal bremsstrahlung spectrum of a <sup>89</sup>Sr beta emitter in the 1-100keV photon energy regime

Studies of internal bremsstrahlung spectrum of <sup>35</sup>S beta emitter in the photon energy region of 1-100keV

Inner Bremsstrahlung accompanying the β<sup>-</sup>-decay of <sup>89</sup>Sr