Sonochemical reduction processes in aqueous colloidal systems
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Medium-high frequency sonication dominates spherical-SiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticle size
2022, Ultrasonics SonochemistryCitation Excerpt :This indicates that the proportions of both ammonia and ethanol are critical factors for SSN formation even under sonication, and that the active radicals generated during sonication may not be the driving factor for the process. To ascertain the role of these radicals, 10 µL of hydrophobic n-butanol was added into ca. 10 mL of the reaction mixture to scavenge the radicals generated in-situ during sonication at 500 kHz, 207 W for 20 min at 20 °C [49]. As shown in Table 1, the influence of n-butanol on SSN size (59 nm) and yield (172 mg SSNs g−1 TEOS) was negligible.
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2022, Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental AspectsMechanism of sonochemical reduction of permanganate to manganese dioxide in aqueous alcohol solutions: Reactivities of reducing species formed by alcohol sonolysis
2016, Ultrasonics SonochemistryCitation Excerpt :Control of the rate of reduction of metal ions is an important subject, because the rate of reduction affects nucleation and growth during the formation of metal nanoparticles [19–21]. Previous studies have shown that the rates of sonochemical reduction of Ag(I), Pd(II), Au(III), Pt(II), and Pt(IV) are strongly dependent on the types and concentrations of organic additives such as alcohols, surfactants, and water-soluble polymers, because such organic additives act as the precursors of reducing radicals under the extremely high temperature and pressure conditions produced during cavitation bubble collapse [19–33]. There are three reduction pathways via three types of reducing radical under sonication in the absence and presence of organic additives: reduction pathway 1 is reduction by primary reducing radicals, i.e., H atoms, formed from water sonolysis; reduction pathway 2 is reduction by secondary reducing radicals, Rab, which are formed by H abstraction from organic additives by OH radicals and H atoms formed by water sonolysis; and reduction pathway 3 is reduction by reducing radicals, Rpy, which are formed by pyrolysis of organic additives.
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2014, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: BiologyCitation Excerpt :It is well known that ultrasonication of water molecules leads to the formation, expansion and collapse of cavitation bubbles in the irradiated aqueous solutions. Following the collapse of the bubbles, the water vapours trapped inside it get dissociated into H and OH [27–29]. In aqueous surfactant solutions, subsequent radical scavengers are generated and this initiates sequential reactions to generate the metal colloids [24,27–29].
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