Prediction of nonlinear acoustic effects at biomedical frequencies and intensities

https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(80)90004-6Get rights and content

Abstract

Some fundamentals of nonlinear acoustics are reviewed to facilitate their consideration in biomedical ultrasound. The phenomena described include acoustic nonlinearity, finite amplitude distortion, shock formation, harmonic components, nonlinearly induced absorption, saturation, and the influence of these effects on ultrasonic beams. The simplified results of several theoretical derivations are presented and employed in illustrative calculations and plots. These maybe used to ascertain the importance of nonlinear effects in applications involving plane waves, spherically diverging waves, and spherically converging (focused) waves. A discussion of relevant experiments is given, along with some comments on possible consequences in diagnostic, surgical, and theraputic applications.

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