Relativistic hydrodynamics and heavy ion reactions

doi:10.1016/0370-1573(86)90090-6

Physics Reports

Volume 141, Issue 4, August 1986, Pages 177-280

https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(86)90090-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

The application of hydrodynamics to the study of heavy ion collisions is presented with emphasis on the relativistic regime. Current theoretical and experimental knowledge of the nuclear equations of state along with the possible roles played by viscosity, single- and double-shock waves and solitons during the collision are examined. Constraints imposed by relativity on the equation of state and numerical results from one- and three-dimensional one-fluid relativistic calculations are reviewed. Also considered are sources of entropy production arising from irreversible processes. Some alterations and additions to the basic equations of relativistic hydrodynamics are proposed to describe phenomena associated with relativistic heavy ion collisions. The equations of relativistic chromohydrodynamics are reviewed as a possible framework in which to consider the nuclear to quark-gluon phase transition. Transparency is introduced by a two-fluid model; results for center-of-mass bombarding energies up to 20 GeV per nucleon are presented. Recent work on pion production, the entropy problem and global analysis are reviewed.

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Citation Excerpt :
However, in ultra-relativistic collisions, the baryon numbers carried by the colliding nuclei tend to be distributed in the larger rapidity domain while the produced matter dominates around the central rapidity. In 1983, J.D. Bjorken [116] made an estimate of the energy density of the produced matter in the central rapidity region of A–A collisions based on the boost invariant solution of the (1+1)D longitudinal hydrodynamics. Many of early works on hydrodynamic properties from the produced QGP used this kind of initial condition [117].
We review several facets of the hydrodynamic description of the relativistic heavy ion collisions, starting from the historical motivation to the present understandings of the observed collective aspects of experimental data, especially those of the most recent RHIC and LHC results. In this report, we particularly focus on the conceptual questions and the physical foundations of the validity of the hydrodynamic approach itself. We also discuss recent efforts to clarify some of the points in this direction, such as the various forms of derivations of relativistic hydrodynamics together with the limitations intrinsic to the traditional approaches, variational approaches, known analytic solutions for special cases, and several new theoretical developments. Throughout this review, we stress the role of course-graining procedure in the hydrodynamic description and discuss its relation to the physical observables through the analysis of a hydrodynamic mapping of a microscopic transport model. Several questions to be answered to clarify the physics of collective phenomena in the relativistic heavy ion collisions are pointed out.
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^∗: Present address: U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command, P.O. Box 15280, Arlington, VA 22215, U.S.A.

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Relativistic hydrodynamics and heavy ion reactions

Abstract

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