Hydrogen Storage Materials

doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385142-0.00015-5

Functional Materials

Preparation, Processing and Applications

2012, Pages 607-637

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385142-0.00015-5 Get rights and content

Publisher Summary

Hydrogen generated by using renewable energy sources has great potential to be an alternate fuel, thereby reducing the dependence on fossil fuel. Hydrogen is a clean, nonpolluting fuel without any greenhouse gas emission. The criteria for a good hydrogen storage system for vehicular applications are good gravimetric and volumetric storage capacity, fast kinetics for absorption and desorption, equilibrium plateau pressure close to 1 atmosphere, low desorption temperature, easy activation, low hysteresis, good recyclability, good thermal and mechanical stability during the cycling operation, and low cost. There are three ways to store hydrogen: compressed gas; cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH₂); and solid-state hydrogen storage. Hydrogen can be stored in the form of compressed gas at high pressures of ∼150–200 atmosphere. Special hydrogen cylinders are available for very high pressures up to 700 atmosphere. In liquid form, hydrogen can be stored at a cryogenic temperature of 20 K, which is energy intensive. Liquid hydrogen is highly volatile and the evaporated hydrogen gas can form an explosive mixture with air. The main drawback of both these methods is the low volume density of hydrogen. Metal hydrides offer a convenient and safe technology for hydrogen storage. The fact that the density of hydrogen per unit volume is highest in metal hydrides and the stored hydrogen can be released at the desired temperature makes it superior to liquid hydrogen or hydrogen cylinders.

References (0)

Cited by (17)

Hydrogen production in Mexico: State of the art, future perspectives, challenges, and opportunities
2022, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
The use of hydrogen is increasing in many countries due to potential decarbonization and sustainable energy transition projects. Hydrogen is shown to be a versatile transition alternative in different applications, with an increasing trend towards clean alternatives with better performance improving the existing processes. This paper reviews (i) the international panorama of hydrogen production, (ii) the main alternatives for hydrogen production in Mexico, and (iii) the applications of hydrogen in various areas. The challenges and opportunities for the coming years to include and introduce the use of hydrogen in new and existing processes in Mexico are also analyzed. A great variety of alternatives to procedure hydrogen both in Mexico and on the international scenes are analyzed, contemplating different production mechanisms. Many of them are found to require further studies to make them profitable for industrial applications. Some challenges and opportunities are also analyzed, showing the importance of synchronizing the public-private partnership agenda on hydrogen production, and to provide the most favorable conditions for investment attraction and development. This review shows that Mexico has the opportunity to make a decisive incursion into hydrogen production.
A study on hydrogen, the clean energy of the future: Hydrogen storage methods
2021, Journal of Energy Storage
Citation Excerpt :
TiFe appears to be cheaper compared to LaNi5 in terms of cost [84]. An increase in hydrogen storage capacity was observed by adding Ni to this hydride [91–94]. Hydrogen storage rates and temperatures of different metal hydrides are compared in Table 4.
Our need for energy is constantly increasing. We consume existing oil, coal and natural gas resources in order to obtain energy. As fossil fuels are exhausted, their prices have increased and new energy sources have been sought. It is possible to meet the daily energy demand with renewable energy sources. The utilization rates of renewable energy resources are gradually increasing. The use of fossil fuels is reduced in order to reduce carbon emissions in accordance with international agreements. Therefore, the use of clean energy resources is encouraged. In this article, hydrogen energy, which is a clean energy source, has been examined. Subjects such as hydrogen sources, production, storage and transportation have been investigated from articles in the literature. The current uses of hydrogen energy, limitations in hydrogen use, future uses, future goals have been examined. In this article, studies on hydrogen energy have been gathered together and it is aimed to create a source for future articles.
Enhancement of heat and mass transfer characteristics of metal hydride reactor for hydrogen storage using various nanofluids
2021, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Citation Excerpt :
The basic classification as per the types of hydrogen sorption is physisorption and chemisorption. Hydrogen storage materials can be classified as: (a) dissociative material, (b) material which hold hydrogen by chemical bond and (c) materials which adsorb molecular hydrogen [3]. Hydrogen storage in solid form can be further classified into i) Metal hydride, ii) Light metal based hydrides, iii) Complex hydrides and iv) Nano structured materials [4–8].
The execution of metal hydride reactor (MHR) for storage of hydrogen is greatly affected by thermal effects occurred throughout the sorption of hydrogen. In this paper, based on different governing equations, a numerical model of MHR filled by MmNi_4.6Al_0.4 is formed using ANSYS Fluent for hydrogen absorption process. The validation of model is done by relating its simulation outcomes with published experimental results and found a good agreement with a deviation of less than 5%; hence present model accuracy is considered to be more than 95%. For extraction or supply of heat, water or oil is extensively used in MHR during the absorption or the desorption process so as to improve the competency of the system. Since nanofluid (mixture of base fluid and nanoparticles) has a higher heat transfer characteristics, in this paper the nanofluid is used in place of the conventional heat transfer fluid in MHR. Further the numerical model of MHR is modified with nanofluid as heat extraction fluid and results are presented. The Al₂O₃/H₂O, CuO/H₂O and MgO/H₂O nanofluids are selected and simulations are carried out. The results are obtained for different parameters like nanoparticle material, hydrogen concentration, supply pressure and cooling fluid temperature. It is seen that 5 vol% CuO/H₂O nanofluid is thermally superior to Al₂O₃/H₂O and MgO/H₂O nanofluid. The heat transfer rate improves by the increment in the supply pressure of hydrogen as well as decrement in temperature of nanofluid. The CuO/H₂O nanofluid increases the heat transfer rate of MHR up to 10% and the hydrogen absorption time is improved by 9.5%. Thus it is advantageous to use the nanofluid as a heat transfer cooling fluid for the MHR to store hydrogen.
A scientometric review of research in hydrogen storage materials
2020, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is a promising sustainable energy carrier for the future due to its high energetic content and no emissions, other than water vapor. However, its full deployment still requires technological advances in the renewable and cost-effective production of hydrogen, cost reduction of fuel cells and especially in the storage of hydrogen in a lightweight, compact and safe manner. One way to achieve this is by using materials in which hydrogen bonds chemically, or by adsorption. Different kinds of Hydrogen Storage Materials have been investigated, such as Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Simple Hydrides (including Magnesium Hydride, MgH₂), AB₅ Alloys, AB₂ Alloys, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Borohydrides, Alanates and Ammonia Borane. Billions have been invested in Storage Materials research, resulting in tens of thousands of papers. Thus, it is challenging to track how much effort has been devoted to each materials class, by which countries, and how the field has evolved over the years. Quantitative Science and Technology Indicators, produced by applying Bibliometrics and Text Mining to scientific papers, can aid in achieving this task. In this work, we evaluated the evolution and distribution of Hydrogen Storage Materials research using this methodology. Papers in the 2000–2015 period were collected from Web of Science and processed in VantagePoint® bibliometric software. A thesaurus was elaborated relating keywords and short phrases to specific Hydrogen Storage Materials classes. The number of publications in Hydrogen Storage Materials grew markedly from 2003 to 2010, reducing the pace of growth afterwards until a plateau was reached in 2015. The most researched materials were MOFs, Simple Hydrides and Carbon-based materials. There were three typical trends in materials classes: emerging materials, developed after 2003, such as MOFs and Borohydrides; classical materials with continuous growth during the entire period, such as Simple Hydrides; and stagnant or declining materials, such as Carbon Nanotubes and AB₅ Alloys. The main publishing countries were China, countries from the European Union (EU) and the USA, followed by Japan. There is a division between countries with continued growth in recent years, such as China, and those with stagnant production after 2010, such as the EU, the USA and Japan. The results of this work, compared to a previous study in storage materials patenting by our group, and the recent launch of commercial hydrogen cars and trains and stationary hydrogen production and fuel cell solutions, indicates that although the Hydrogen Energy field as a whole is transitioning from lab and prototype stages to commercial deployment, materials-based hydrogen storage still has base technological challenges to be overcome, and therefore still needs more scientific research before large scale commercialization can be realized. The developed thesaurus is made available for refinement and future works.
Hydrogen storage properties of non-stoichiometric Zr<inf>0.9</inf>Ti<inf>x</inf>V<inf>2</inf> melt-spun ribbons
2016, Energy
Citation Excerpt :
Hydrogen storage properties of intermetallic compounds have been extensively investigated as they are potential candidates for energy storage. Different types of intermetallics can be applied in Ni–MH batteries, on-board energy supply, hydrogen isotopes separation, gas purification, heat pumps, etc. according to their characteristics [2,3]. Among them, the non-evaporable getters Zr57V36Fe7 (St707) and ZrAl16 (St101) have been commercial applied to absorb trace gases in high vacuum environment due to their low equilibrium pressure and high hydrogen absorption speed [4,5].
Melt-spinning technique is applied to produce non-stoichiometric Zr_0.9Ti_xV₂ (x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) ribbons to illustrate the effect of rapidly quenched solidification and non-stoichiometry on microstructures, phase formation and hydrogenation properties. Phase structure investigation by powder X-ray diffraction shows the C15-type ZrV₂ Laves phase, V-BCC, β-Zr and a small amount of Zr₃V₃O in Zr_0.9Ti_xV₂ melt-spun ribbons, and ZrV₂ phase decreases while β-Zr phase increases gradually with increasing Ti content. Activation behavior, hydrogenation kinetics, pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) characteristics, thermodynamics parameters and hydrides constituent of Zr_0.9Ti_xV₂ melt-spun ribbons are compared. Ribbons are easy to be activated and exhibit fast hydrogen absorption kinetics on account of the increased specific surface area and grain refinement. However, the initial hydrogen absorption rate decreases obviously with the increase of Ti content. Meanwhile, the slope of PCT plateau decreases and the stability of metal hydrides increases, which result from the increase of β-Zr content and unit cell volume of the dominant phase with increasing Ti content.
A review on the current progress of metal hydrides material for solid-state hydrogen storage applications
2016, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Citation Excerpt :
Alternative technology which involves storing hydrogen in solid states such as nanostructured materials (adsorption of molecular hydrogen) and metal hydrides are developed by researchers [19]. Nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes and metal organic framework (MOFs) systems can store hydrogen by either physisorption or chemisorption processes [20]. Hydrogen adsorbed into the nanostructured materials remains in physical forms.
Energy is one of the basic requirements in our daily lives. Daily activities such as cooking, cleaning, working on the computer and commuting to work are more or less dependent on energy. The world's energy demand is continuously increasing over the years due to the ever-increasing growth in the human population as well as economic development. At present, approximately 90% of energy demands are fulfilled by fossil fuels. With the rising demands of energy throughout the globe, it can be expected that the availability of fossil fuels is depleting at an alarming rate since fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy. In addition, fossil fuels are the main contributor of greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, they have a detrimental impact on human health and environment in the long term. Hence, there is a critical need to develop alternative sources of energy in replacement of fossil fuels. Hydrogen fuels have gained much interest among researchers all over the world since they are clean, non-toxic and renewable, making them suitable for use as substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels in vehicular applications. However, the greatest challenge in using hydrogen fuels lies in the development of hydrogen storage systems, especially for on-board applications. Hydrogen fuels can be stored in gaseous, liquid or solid states, and much effort has been made to develop hydrogen storage systems that are safe, cost-effective, environmental-friendly and more importantly, with high energy densities. Current technologies used for hydrogen storage include high-pressure compression at about 70 MPa, liquefaction at cryogenic temperatures (20 K) and absorption into solid state compounds. Among the three types of hydrogen storage technologies, the storage of hydrogen in solid state compounds appears to be the most feasible solution since it is a safer and more convenient method compared to high-pressure compression and liquefaction technologies. In this regard, metal hydrides are potential chemical compounds for solid-state hydrogen storage, and a large number of studies have been carried out to synthesize low-cost metal hydrides with low absorption/desorption temperatures, high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage densities, good resistance to oxidation, good reversibility and cyclic ability, fast kinetics and reactivity, and moderate thermodynamic stability. In general, these studies have shown that the absorption/desorption properties of hydrogen can be improved by: (1) the addition of catalysts into the metal hydrides, (2) alloying the metal hydrides, or (3) nanostructuring. This review article is focused on the latest developments of metal hydrides for solid-state hydrogen storage applications, which will be of interest to scientists, researchers, and practitioners in this field.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

15 - Hydrogen Storage Materials

Publisher Summary