Chapter 3 - Grafting of Cellulose Nanocrystals

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Abstract

This chapter provides a broad view on the current state of the art regarding the chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Because of the strong inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between cellulosic chains, CNCs tend to form aggregated structures, noticeably reducing their theoretical strengthening ability. Surface modification improves the dispersion of the CNCs and the interfacial compatibility with the hosting matrix. Various techniques can be used to attach selected structures, such as small molecules, macromolecular moieties, or even bioactive proteins/enzymes, to the surface. Grafted chain density and length can be adjusted by controlling reaction conditions during the functionalization. The suitable chemical modification of CNCs can yield biorenewable, low-density, and stiff nanoparticles that could open up new possibilities in the emerging fields of drug delivery, nanocomposites, and bioimaging, being that their surface properties are adaptable to the specific application. One of the main challenges for the future would be the development of industrially scalable green processes for the controlled grafting of CNCs.

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