Biodiversity of the Genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma in Different Habitats

doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59576-8.00001-1

Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma

2014, Pages 3-24

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59576-8.00001-1 Get rights and content

Abstract

This chapter attempts to summarize the recently available and rapidly increasing amount of information in the literature about the occurrence and biodiversity of Trichoderma species in different ecological habitats. Members of the genus are common in soil and rhizosphere of plants in natural and agricultural fields and forests and on decaying wood. They are also occurring in the air, settled dust and different water-related habitats including marine environments and drinking water. Furthermore, certain species are known as endophytes of plants, colonizers of mushroom-related natural and artificial substrata and facultative pathogens of humans, demonstrating a high adaptability to various ecological niches.

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Cited by (49)

Trichoderma longibrachiatum, a biological control agent of Sclerotium cepivorum on onion plants under salt stress
2023, Biological Control
Salt stress and pathogen infection cause damage to onion crops and limit production. Application of Trichoderma species could be an option for reducing crop damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum to reduce damage to onion plants caused by salinity and infection by Sclerotium cepivorum. The two fungi showed differences in their tolerance to NaCl depending on the NaCl concentration. At low concentrations of NaCl, S. cepivorum was more tolerant than T. longibrachiatum, while at high concentrations of NaCl the tolerance of T. longibrachiatum was reduced to 17% and S. cepivorum did not grow. However, T. longibrachiatum maintained antagonistic activity against S. cepivorum in the presence of NaCl. Compared with uninoculated plants, inoculation with T. longibrachiatum increased the biomass of plants infected with S. cepivorum, plants treated with NaCl, and also plants treated with the combined treatment of S. cepivorum and NaCl. In plants infected with S. cepivorum and with the combined treatment of NaCl and S. cepivorum, the disease severity index was 69 and 89 %, respectively. However, inoculation with T. longibrachiatum reduced the disease severity index to 12 and 60 % in plants infected with S. cepivorum and in the combined treatment of S. cepivorum and NaCl, respectively. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were maintained in plants inoculated with T. longibrachiatum and then subjected to salinity and infection; T. longibrachiatum decreased electrolyte leakage caused by salinity and infection. In conclusion, inoculation of onion plants with T. longibrachiatum reduced damage caused by infection with S. cepivorum and NaCl in onion plants; this was achieved by maintaining biomass and the content of photosynthetic pigments and by reducing electrolyte leakage. T. longibrachiatum is a fungus with potential as a biological control agent of S. cepivorum on onion plants under salt stress.
Improvement of salt tolerance in Stevia rebaudiana by co-application of endophytic fungi and exogenous spermidine
2022, Industrial Crops and Products
Citation Excerpt :
It has been shown that sesame root inoculation with P. indica mitigated the adverse effects of salinity through stimulation of the antioxidant defense mechanism and enhancement of the absorption of water and nutrient in inoculated plants (Khademian et al., 2019). Trichoderma spp. is a fungal genus that belongs to the Hypocreaceae family, which is extremely well adapted to diverse ecological niches (Kredics et al., 2014; Yaghoubian et al., 2019). Trichoderma strains are able to form symbiotic relationships with diverse varieties of plants, which improve seed germination, root development, water, and nutrients uptake, plant growth and productivity, as well as tolerance to environmental stresses (Bahari Saravi et al., 2021; Fu et al., 2018).
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is an important and salt-sensitive medicinal plant used as a natural sweetener in food products. In this work, we used a pot experiment to investigate the role of microbial inoculation and exogenous polyamine spermidine (Spd) in conferring salt stress tolerance in stevia by analyzing plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl a fluorescence, antioxidant defense system and steviol glycosides. The inoculated plants with Piriformospora indica (Pi), Tricuderma virens (Trich) or Pi+Trich were grown in optimum conditions. At the late of vegetative stage (BBCH growth stage 47), plants sprayed with different concentrations of Spd (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mM) and then were exposed to salinity stress by irrigation with saline treatments (mix of Caspian Sea and distilled water; 0, 6, and 12 dS m⁻¹). The results revealed that salt stress increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde: MDA), and consequently plant growth characteristics and maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) as well as Chl content decreased, but antioxidant enzymes activity including superoxide (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased in the plants. Exposure to moderate salinity increased stevioside (Stv) and rebaudioside A (Reb A) content, while these compounds were decreased in the presence of severe salinity. The endophytic symbiosis and foliar spray of Spd (especially in Pi+Trich and Spd 0.75 mM) mitigated salt stress by significant increases in antioxidant enzymes activity and a decrease in H₂O₂ content and lipid peroxidation. Inoculation with Pi, Trich, and especially Pi+Trich increased the Chl content, Fv/Fm, shoot dry weight, and Stv and Reb A content at all salinity levels. Consequently, combined inoculation of Pi and Trich and foliar application of Spd can be a good approach to improve tolerance, growth and steviol glycosides production of stevia in salt stress conditions.
Analysis of the phosphorylome of trichoderma reesei cultivated on sugarcane bagasse suggests post-translational regulation of the secreted glycosyl hydrolase Cel7A
2021, Biotechnology Reports
Citation Excerpt :
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are mesophilic ascomycetes with a wide distribution on the planet, and are mainly found in decaying plant material [1–4].
Trichoderma reesei is one of the major producers of holocellulases. It is known that in T. reesei, protein production patterns can change in a carbon source-dependent manner. Here, we performed a phosphorylome analysis of T. reesei grown in the presence of sugarcane bagasse and glucose as carbon source. In presence of sugarcane bagasse, a total of 114 phosphorylated proteins were identified. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine corresponded to 89.6% of the phosphosites and 10.4% were related to phosphotyrosine. Among the identified proteins, 65% were singly phosphorylated, 19% were doubly phosphorylated, 12% were triply phosphorylated, and 4% displayed even higher phosphorylation. Seventy-five kinases were predicted to phosphorylate the sites identified in this work, and the most frequently predicted serine/threonine kinase was PKC1. Among phosphorylated proteins, four glycosyl hydrolases were predicted to be secreted. Interestingly, Cel7A activity, the most secreted protein, was reduced to approximately 60% after in vitro dephosphorylation, suggesting that phosphorylation might alter Cel7A structure, substrate affinity, and targeting of the substrate to its carbohydrate-binding domain. These results suggest a novel post-translational regulation of Cel7A.
Trichoderma harzianum transcriptome in response to cadmium exposure
2020, Fungal Genetics and Biology
Citation Excerpt :
Trichoderma spp. are a commonly isolated fungi in contaminated areas (Chanda et al., 2017; Nongmaithem et al., 2016). Due to its metabolic diversity, high capacity of reproduction and competition (Kredics et al., 2014), T. harzianum is one of the most used species in biopesticide commercial formulations (Adams et al., 2007; Fraceto et al., 2018). In addition, studies have demonstrated that T. harzianum is capable of removing metals from soil, acting on bioremediation (Harman et al., 2004; Hoseinzadeh et al., 2017; Tripathi et al., 2013).
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal present in the environment mainly as a result of industrial contamination that can cause toxic effects to life. Some microorganisms, as Trichoderma harzianum, a fungus used in biocontrol, are able to survive in polluted environments and act as bioremediators. Aspects about the tolerance to the metal have been widely studied in other fungi although there are a few reports about the response of T. harzianum. In this study, we determined the effects of cadmium over growth of T. harzianum and used RNA-Seq to identify significant genes and processes regulated in the metal presence. Cadmium inhibited the fungus growth proportionally to its concentration although the fungus exhibited tolerance as it continued to grow, even in the highest concentrations used. A total of 3767 (1993 up and 1774 down) and 2986 (1606 up and 1380 down) differentially expressed genes were detected in the mycelium of T. harzianum cultivated in the presence of 1.0 mg mL⁻¹ or 2.0 mg mL⁻¹ of CdCl₂, respectively, compared to the absence of the metal. Of these, 2562 were common to both treatments. Biological processes related to cellular homeostasis, transcription initiation, sulfur compound biosynthetic and metabolic processes, RNA processing, protein modification and vesicle-mediated transport were up-regulated. Carbohydrate metabolic processes were down-regulated. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated induction of glutathione and its precursor’s metabolism. Interestingly, it also indicated an intense transcriptional induction, especially by up-regulation of spliceosome components. Carbohydrate metabolism was repressed, especially the mycoparasitism-related genes, suggesting that the mycoparasitic ability of T. harzianum could be affected during cadmium exposure. These results contribute to the advance of the current knowledge about the response of T. harzianum to cadmium exposure and provide significant targets for biotechnological improvement of this fungus as a bioremediator and a biocontrol agent.
Trichoderma wuyiense (Hypocreales, Ascomycota), a new species from Wuyi Mountains, China
2024, Phytotaxa
Screening for native Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrollers of the olive pathogen Verticillium dahliae
2024, Arid Land Research and Management

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Chapter 1 - Biodiversity of the Genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma in Different Habitats

Abstract