Assessments of anticholinergic, antidiabetic, antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Stachys annua
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Medicinal plants have been used for important sources of health care systems in both developed and developing countries for a long time history (Jaradat et al., 2016). Plants have various secondary metabolites which have been extensively used in folk medicine because of having a high potential for biological properties (Zengin et al., 2019). Phenolic and flavonoids of medicinal plants have preventive roles against some diseases and demonstrate various biological and pharmaceutical properties such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties (Silinsin and Bursal, 2018; Zengin et al., 2018; Żuchowski et al., 2019). There have been many studies for validation of the usage of herbal medicines for the treatment of many diseases in some part of the world (Askin et al., 2018; Mahomoodally et al., 2018).
Stachys L. is a subcosmopolitan genus, contains approximately 300 species and is considered as one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. Most of these species occur in the warm temperate regions of the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, North and South America, and Southern Africa (Bhattacharjee, 1980). Some Stachys taxa have been reported in alternative folk medicine to treat genital tumors, sclerosis of the spleen, inflammatory tumors, and cancerous ulcers (Skaltsa et al., 2000). Also, some Stachys taxa recognized to have cytotoxic, antitoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities (Salehi et al., 2007). Besides, they have been used in phytotherapy, sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic, and emmenagogue activities (Miller, 1998). Some of Stachys taxa such as; S. lavandulifolia, S. recta, S. officinalis, S. palustris, and S. annua have been used in beverages because they have been considered to be useful in treating tumor, asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, epilepsy, stomach inflammation, neuropathy, cancer, common cold, laryngitis, respiratory ailments, and tonsillitis (Uysal, 2003). Stachys species are also used for the problems of skin and for the treatment of wounds at veterinary medicine (Cornara et al., 2014). Also, a few studies were reported some of the biological properties of Stachys annua. A new acylated flavonoid was isolated from the aerial parts of Stachys annua L. (Movsumov et al., 2018). The herbal tea prepared from leaves of S. annua subsp. annua was used as antipyretic against common cold (Altundag and Ozturk, 2011).
The present work was designed to determine the polyphenol contents, anticholinergic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of Stachys annua. For antioxidant characterization; Ferric (Fe3+) and cupric (Cu2+) ions reducing antioxidant potentials, ABTS•+, DPPH•, and DMPD•+ radicals scavenging activities were evaluated. LC-MS/MS technique was used for determination of phenolic contents. The inhibition effect of Stachys annua against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes was evaluated to find the possible cholinesterase inhibitor sources. Also, the inhibitions of α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes were evaluated to find the possible link with Diabetes mellitus (DM).
Section snippets
Chemicals
ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), DMPD (N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), α-tocopherol, trolox, and standard phenolic compounds of LC-MS/MS were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Sternheim, Germany).
Identification and collection of the plant material
The leaves of Stachys annua were collected from Bingöl, Kiğı on July 2017 by Dr. Ömer Kılıç. The area was stony and
Phytochemical compounds
The total phenolic and flavonoid amounts of Stachys annua were determined by the present study. According to the results, 90.83 GAE (gallic acid equivalents per gram extract) was detected as the number of total phenolics of the water extract of the plant sample. The high amount of phenolic compounds of a sample may be the major reason for the high antioxidant capability. On the other hand, the total flavonoid amount of the water extract of the plant sample was determined as 39.05 QE (quercetin
Conclusions
This study provides important insights on phytochemistry and bioactivity of Stachys annua related to phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition potential of some enzymes relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Diabetes Mellitus. LC-MS/MS analyses showed that chlorogenic acid, fumaric acid, quercetagetin-3,6-dimethylether, and apigenin were the major compounds of Stachys annua extracts. Also, the plant extracts were found to have effective antioxidant potentials. In
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ercan Bursal: Writing - original draft. Parham Taslimi: Methodology. İlhami Gülçin: Writing - original draft.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
All authors would like to extend their sincere appreciations to Dr. Ömer Kılıç, at Adiyaman University for providing and taxonomic identification of the plant material for this research.
References (46)
- et al.
Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences
(2011) - et al.
Synthesis of oxazolidinone from enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohols and determination of their molecular docking and biologic activities
Bioorg. Chem.
(2019) - et al.
Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of endemic plant Marrubium astracanicum subsp. macrodon: identification of its phenolic contents by using HPLC-MS/MS
Nat. Prod. Res.
(2019) - et al.
Ethnobotanical and phytomedical knowledge in the north-western ligurian alps
J. Ethnopharmacol.
(2014) - et al.
The antidiabetic properties of the hot water extract of kola nut (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.) in type 2 diabetic rats
J. Ethnopharmacol.
(2019) - et al.
Screening the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic activities of endemic Achillea cucullata (Asteraceae) ethanol extract
South Afr. J. Bot.
(2019) - et al.
Antidiabetic and antiparasitic potentials: inhibition effects of some natural antioxidant compounds on α-glycosidase, α-amylase and human glutathione S-transferase enzymes
Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
(2018) - et al.
Ethnopharmacological survey about medicinal plants utilized by herbalists and traditional practitioner healers for treatments of diarrhea in the West Bank/Palestine
J. Ethnopharmacol.
(2016) - et al.
LC–MS/MS analysis, antioxidant and anticholinergic properties of galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) rhizomes
Ind. Crop. Prod.
(2015) - et al.
Isolation, identification of secondary metabolites from Salvia absconditiflora and evaluation of their antioxidative properties
Nat. Prod. Res.
(2019)
Salvia leriifolia Benth (Lamiaceae) extract demonstrates in vitro antioxidant properties and cholinesterase inhibitory activity
Nutr. Res. (N.Y.)
Lotus aegaeus (Gris.) Boiss and Iberis sempervirens L.: chemical fingerprints, antioxidant potential, and inhibition activities and docking on key enzymes linked to global health problems
Ind. Crop. Prod.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine and its bromo-derivative as dual cholinesterase ınhibitors
Bioorg. Chem.
UHPLC-MS/MS phenolic profiling and in vitro antioxidant activities of Inula graveolens (L.) Desf
Nat. Prod. Res.
A quantitative starch? Iodine method for measuring alpha-amylase and glucoamylase activities
Anal. Biochem.
New insights into the in vitro biological effects, in silico docking and chemical profile of clary sage–Salvia sclarea L
Comput. Biol. Chem.
A comparative assessment of the LC-MS profiles and cluster analysis of four Centaurea species from Turkey
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas
Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr.
Determination of antioxidant potential of Nepeta nuda subsp. lydiae
Analytical Chemistry Letters
Identification of bioactive polyphenolic compounds and assessment of antioxidant activity of Origanum acutidens
ILNS
Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of iris taochia and identification of its chemical constituents
Indian J. Pharmaceut. Sci.
Taxonomic studies in Stachys: 2. A new infrageneric classification of Stachys L
Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb.
LC-MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant potential of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. var. brachydon Boiss
Int. Lett. Nat. Sci.
Cited by (73)
Synthesis, characterization and inhibitor properties of benzimidazolium salts bearing 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl side arms
2023, Journal of Molecular StructureAnalysis of phytochemical composition of a leaf extract of sacred fig (Ficus religiosa L.) by UPLC-QqQ-MS and assessment of its hepatocurative potential in mouse model
2022, South African Journal of BotanyCitation Excerpt :Numerous medicinal plants are used to treat liver diseases (Qadrie et al., 2015). Phytocompounds present in medicinal plants pose minimal side effects but provide enormous therapeutic potential, and therefore are preferred as an alternative medicine in clinical settings (Okaiyeto et al., 2018; Gulçin et al., 2020; Bursal et al., 2020; Kose et al., 2015; Tohma et al., 2019). In this perspective F. religiosa is a key ingredient in Ayurveda and Unani formulations that are used in various ailments, including liver diseases (Anandjiwala et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2011).
Access to new phosphonate- and imidazolidine-benzopyrimidinone derivatives as antityrosinase and anti-acetylcholinesterase agents: Design, synthesis and molecular docking
2022, Journal of Molecular StructureCitation Excerpt :Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that manifests as memory loss, learning and/or thinking difficulties, impaired cognitive and emotional function, and severe behavioral abnormalities [1–3].
Anatomy, trichome micromorphology and phytochemical profile of Stachys rizeensis R.Bhattacharjee from Turkey
2022, South African Journal of Botany