Assessments of anticholinergic, antidiabetic, antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Stachys annua

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101711Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Stachys annua was examined for its phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition analyses.

  • Quercetagetin-3,6-dimethylether, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and fumaric acid were identified as major compounds.

  • Enzyme inhibition effect of Stachys annua against AChE, BChE, α-amylase, and α-glycosidase were determined.

  • Antioxidant potential of Stachys annua was evaluated by six different in vitro bioanalytical methods.

Abstract

Some biochemical properties including phenolic content, anticholinergic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of Stachys annua were determined in this study. The methanol extract of Stachys annua (MESA) and the water extract of Stachys annua (WESA) were prepared and used for all biochemical analyses. Antioxidant capacities of MESA and WESA were evaluated by six different in vitro bioanalytical methods including three reducing antioxidant methods and three radical scavenging antioxidant methods. Also, enzyme inhibition effect of Stachys annua against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, and α-glycosidase enzymes were determined separately. According to the results, both extracts showed high inhibition effects against α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes, whereas they showed low inhibition effects against AChE and BChE enzymes. The IC50 values of MESA and WESA against AChE (119.8 ± 2.4 μg/mL and 150.1 ± 3.0 μg/mL), BChE (192.1 ± 3.8 μg/mL and 186.7 ± 3.7 μg/mL), α-glycosidase (25.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL and 18.7 ± 0.4 μg/mL), and α-amylase (43.3 ± 0.9 μg/mL and 11.4 ± 0.2 μg/mL) were determined, respectively. Another goal of the study was to evaluate the phenolic compositions of Stachys annua by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Quercetagetin-3,6-dimethylether (178.6 ± 33.5 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (118.2 ± 16.4 μg/g), and fumaric acid (102.5 ± 7.1 μg/g) were identified as major compounds in MESA. On the other hand, fumaric acid (309.5 ± 21.5 μg/g), apigenin (144.6 ± 11.7 μg/g), and chlorogenic acid (78.1 ± 10.8 μg/g) were identified as major compounds in WESA. This study will be a scientific base for further studies about Stachys annua for food or medicinal utilization.

Introduction

Medicinal plants have been used for important sources of health care systems in both developed and developing countries for a long time history (Jaradat et al., 2016). Plants have various secondary metabolites which have been extensively used in folk medicine because of having a high potential for biological properties (Zengin et al., 2019). Phenolic and flavonoids of medicinal plants have preventive roles against some diseases and demonstrate various biological and pharmaceutical properties such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties (Silinsin and Bursal, 2018; Zengin et al., 2018; Żuchowski et al., 2019). There have been many studies for validation of the usage of herbal medicines for the treatment of many diseases in some part of the world (Askin et al., 2018; Mahomoodally et al., 2018).

Stachys L. is a subcosmopolitan genus, contains approximately 300 species and is considered as one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. Most of these species occur in the warm temperate regions of the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, North and South America, and Southern Africa (Bhattacharjee, 1980). Some Stachys taxa have been reported in alternative folk medicine to treat genital tumors, sclerosis of the spleen, inflammatory tumors, and cancerous ulcers (Skaltsa et al., 2000). Also, some Stachys taxa recognized to have cytotoxic, antitoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities (Salehi et al., 2007). Besides, they have been used in phytotherapy, sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic, and emmenagogue activities (Miller, 1998). Some of Stachys taxa such as; S. lavandulifolia, S. recta, S. officinalis, S. palustris, and S. annua have been used in beverages because they have been considered to be useful in treating tumor, asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, epilepsy, stomach inflammation, neuropathy, cancer, common cold, laryngitis, respiratory ailments, and tonsillitis (Uysal, 2003). Stachys species are also used for the problems of skin and for the treatment of wounds at veterinary medicine (Cornara et al., 2014). Also, a few studies were reported some of the biological properties of Stachys annua. A new acylated flavonoid was isolated from the aerial parts of Stachys annua L. (Movsumov et al., 2018). The herbal tea prepared from leaves of S. annua subsp. annua was used as antipyretic against common cold (Altundag and Ozturk, 2011).

The present work was designed to determine the polyphenol contents, anticholinergic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of Stachys annua. For antioxidant characterization; Ferric (Fe3+) and cupric (Cu2+) ions reducing antioxidant potentials, ABTS•+, DPPH, and DMPD•+ radicals scavenging activities were evaluated. LC-MS/MS technique was used for determination of phenolic contents. The inhibition effect of Stachys annua against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes was evaluated to find the possible cholinesterase inhibitor sources. Also, the inhibitions of α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes were evaluated to find the possible link with Diabetes mellitus (DM).

Section snippets

Chemicals

ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), DMPD (N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), α-tocopherol, trolox, and standard phenolic compounds of LC-MS/MS were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Sternheim, Germany).

Identification and collection of the plant material

The leaves of Stachys annua were collected from Bingöl, Kiğı on July 2017 by Dr. Ömer Kılıç. The area was stony and

Phytochemical compounds

The total phenolic and flavonoid amounts of Stachys annua were determined by the present study. According to the results, 90.83 GAE (gallic acid equivalents per gram extract) was detected as the number of total phenolics of the water extract of the plant sample. The high amount of phenolic compounds of a sample may be the major reason for the high antioxidant capability. On the other hand, the total flavonoid amount of the water extract of the plant sample was determined as 39.05 QE (quercetin

Conclusions

This study provides important insights on phytochemistry and bioactivity of Stachys annua related to phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition potential of some enzymes relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Diabetes Mellitus. LC-MS/MS analyses showed that chlorogenic acid, fumaric acid, quercetagetin-3,6-dimethylether, and apigenin were the major compounds of Stachys annua extracts. Also, the plant extracts were found to have effective antioxidant potentials. In

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Ercan Bursal: Writing - original draft. Parham Taslimi: Methodology. İlhami Gülçin: Writing - original draft.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

All authors would like to extend their sincere appreciations to Dr. Ömer Kılıç, at Adiyaman University for providing and taxonomic identification of the plant material for this research.

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