Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of self-assembly of hybrid nanocomposite modified membrane of carboxymethyl cellulose/graphene oxide for photocatalytic antifouling, energy storage, and supercapacitors application
Graphical Abstract
Introduction
Antifouling nanomembrane is one of the important fields in water treatment and storage energy applications such as Graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose. The physical, chemical properties, and separated nanoparticles of the synthetic membranes are the goals of the researchers for different categorized-based applications [1], [2]. The better-known synthetic membrane separation processes include dehydrogenation of natural gas, water purification, reverse osmosis, removal of phenol [3], removal of microorganisms from dairy products, microfiltration, and ultrafiltration to remove the cell particles, and dialysis [4]. The synthesis of the antifouling membrane depends on organic or inorganic materials, such as polymers, mixed polymers, metals, ceramic [5], [6]. The ceramic membrane has made up of inorganic materials like aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and zirconia, this membrane has characterized very thermal stability and has mechanical, biological properties, low essential production costs, eco-friendly, and a large lifetime [7]. Liquid membranes are synthetic membranes that construct non-solid materials. The types of liquid membranes can be found in the industry like emulsion liquid membranes, frozen liquid membranes, molten salts, and membranes that are made up of hollow fiber. The lifetime stability of the liquid membrane is an important item due to the evaporate or dissolution of the liquid membrane [8]. Graphene oxide (GO) surface is the magic nanosheet that is utilized in different fields and the modified GO surface via hybridization with other materials such as metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs), nano-polymers like PVA NPs, natural product polysaccharide like chitosan NPs, and cellulose fiber that have thermal stability, natural product, and a large surface area [9]. The incorporation of quantum dots (QDs) has been utilized in solar cell devices and optoelectronic because it has the suitable bandgap required synthesis of the solar cell devices like zinc oxide and copper oxide [10]. Also, antifouling for water treatment and water desalination such as GO with titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and magnetite NPs [11], [12]. Natural products such as polysaccharides (cellulose and chitosan) have important roles in different applications such as wound dressing, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering [13]. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, water-soluble, low-cost natural products, eco-friendly materials, recognition, and acceptance by the human body [14]. Also, the cellulose derivative such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was utilized for different biological applications [15]. Despite the characteristic biocompatibility property, but it has disadvantages especially low solubility of cellulose and chitosan, and the cytotoxicity of common chemical crosslinkers like glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, due to the unreacted species in the system [16]. Besides, the combination between CMC and different polymers like Polyethylene glycol (PEG) for different applications like functionalization surface, biomedical, drug delivery, tissue engineering due to its non-toxicity, and water-soluble [17]. The toxicity of nanomaterials for medicine application and water treatment is an important side in all studies to give a green line for using these materials. Most research efforts are interested in the selection and expansion of new materials such as metal oxides, polymers, composite materials, and carbon compounds like GO, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), activated carbon for energy storage devices [18], [19]. The low energy density of these materials has allowed them to use as alternative energy sources to batteries [20]. So, they proposed the HNM to enhance specific capacitance. A good capacitance of activated carbon and carbon compounds due to the large surface area and the high conductivity. The high performance of capacitance of the investigated materials due to the large surface area and electrical conductivity. Graphene compounds have been promised supporting material for energy storage applications because their a large surface area, thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and mechanical strength [21]. According to the charge storage mechanism the supercapacitors is dividing into pseudocapacitor and electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), the pseudocapacitor like polymers and metal oxides (MOs) is stores charge faradically than EDLCs due to high performance specific capacitance properties and increased energy density than EDLCs, where MOs like nickel oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) [22], manganese oxide (MnO2) [23], cobalt oxide (Co3O4), vanadium oxide (V2O5) [24], aluminum oxide (Al2O3). In this study the combination of nanocomposite between graphene oxide and carboxymethyl cellulose was fabricated to form a novel modified antifouling surface, photocatalytic process and supercapacitor applications have been detected, also cytotoxicity has been measured.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
This item illustrates the synthesis methods, laboratory equipment, chemicals. Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), graphite, and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) bought from Sigma-Aldrich. Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR-JASCO 4100) spectra, X-ray peaks were analyzed by (Shimadzu 6000), scanning electron microscopy, SEM -JEOL-JSMIT100-30 kV), and Transmission electron microscopy (JEOL 2010-200 kV). Zeta/particle size
FT-IR analysis
The spectra in (Fig. 1a) illustrated the characteristic peak of the synthesized GO, which exhibited characteristic bands at 1620 and 3400 cm−1 accompanied the skeletal and the vibration of (OH) group, respectively. The strong peaks of stretching vibration of oxygen-containing functional groups at 1730, 1370, 1220, 1165, and 1058 cm−1 for carboxyl (CO), carboxyl (C-O), epoxy (C-O), carboxyl (C-OH), and alkoxy (C-O), respectively [27]. This indicates numerous oxygen-containing functional groups
Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under UV irradiation
The photocatalytic process was revealed via followed the electron transfer and degradation of organic compounds pollution such as MB dye, the UV–Vis spectroscopy used for indicated the photocatalytic process under visible light irradiation at different times. The photodegradation process of the examined MB dye 1 × 10−4 M in presence of GO@CMC (5 mg/10 ml) as a catalyst was showed in Fig. 10 that illustrated the maximum absorption peak at 664 nm. The characteristic peak of MB was reduced after
Cytotoxicity analysis
The toxicity of the fabricated materials has been measured to emphasize the safety of the nanomaterials that promising support for antifouling and water treatment. Two cell line has been used for detecting the cytotoxicity, Breast Cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and the other Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). HepG2: Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, the cell viability was evaluated by SRB assay. A 100 µl of cell suspension (5 × 10−3) were in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h in
Conclusion
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) macrostructure has been incorporated with graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) to form a hybrid composite as a modified surface for antifouling membrane and supercapacitor applications. The hybrid nanomaterial has been characterized via various tools, cyclic voltammetry technique for detecting the electrochemical properties, supercapacitor, and energy storage. The optical properties of this modified surface HNM have been detected by UV-spectroscopy, enhanced specific
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Nagi M. El-Shafai, M. M. Ibrahim, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb: Conceptualization. Nagi M. El-Shafai, M. M. Ibrahim, Mahmoud Abdelfatah, Mohamed S. Ramadan, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb: Methodology. Nagi M. El-Shafai, Mahmoud Abdelfatah, Mohamed S. Ramadan: Software. M. M. Ibrahim, Mohamed S. Ramadan, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb: Validation. Nagi M. El-Shafai, M. M. Ibrahim, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb: Formal analysis. Nagi M. El-Shafai, M. M. Ibrahim, Mahmoud Abdelfatah, Mohamed S. Ramadan, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb:
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
This study was funded by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/05), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
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