Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.013

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Volume 64, Issue 2, June 2006, Pages 178-189

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.013 Get rights and content

Abstract

The potential of oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage tissues and cellular components, called oxidative stress, in biological systems has become a topic of significant interest for environmental toxicology studies. The balance between prooxidant endogenous and exogenous factors (i.e., environmental pollutants) and antioxidant defenses (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) in biological systems can be used to assess toxic effects under stressful environmental conditions, especially oxidative damage induced by different classes of chemical pollutants. The role of these antioxidant systems and their sensitivity can be of great importance in environmental toxicology studies. In the past decade, numerous studies on the effects of oxidative stress caused by some environmental pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic species were published. Increased numbers of agricultural and industrial chemicals are entering the aquatic environment and being taken up into tissues of aquatic organisms. Transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other xenobiotics play important roles in the mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage. Such a diverse array of pollutants stimulate a variety of toxicity mechanisms, such as oxidative damage to membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins and changes to antioxidant enzymes. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge of cellular damage, response mechanisms, repair processes, and disease etiology in biological systems, free radical reactions and the production of toxic ROS are known to be responsible for a variety of oxidative damages leading to adverse health effects and diseases. In the past decade, mammalian species were used as models for the study of molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by environmental pollutants to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cellular oxidative damage and to study the adverse effects of some environmental pollutants with oxidative potential in chronic exposure and/or sublethal concentrations. This review summarizes current knowledge and advances in the understanding of such oxidative processes in biological systems. This knowledge is extended to specific applications in aquatic organisms because of their sensitivity to oxidative pollutants, their filtration capacity, and their potential for environmental toxicology studies.

Section snippets

Physiological cellular process and the role of free radicals

Oxygen and nitrogen free radicals are essential in the physiological control of cell function in biological systems and are continuously produced in living cells (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999). Basic cellular metabolism in aerobic organisms involves the production of oxygen free radicals and nonradical reactive species (referred to as reactive oxygen species; ROS). There are numerous studies and a large body of experimental evidence showing that living organisms use free radicals and ROS,

Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage to biomolecules and oxidative stress

Superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, which are known to cause oxidative damage to important cellular biomolecules (Sies, 1985), are the two most studied ROS. It is well established that the inadvertent spin-off of superoxide during mitochondrial transfer of electrons to oxygen is a major source of ROS. O₂⁻ oxidizes antioxidant vitamins (tocopherols and ascorbate), catecholamines, and thiols and inactivates various enzymes (catalase (CAT) and peroxidases) (Kono and Fridovich, 1982; Blum and

Biomarkers for free radical damage in biological systems

Molecular biomarkers are used to test oxidative damage in biomolecules and various aspects of oxidative stress by free radicals in experimental animals. In addition to using primary and secondary products of free radical damage, biomarkers can monitor the status of various antioxidant defense mechanisms against free radicals. The antioxidant defense system of living organisms can be subdivided into enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, and glutathione peroxidase

Pollutants of the aquatic environment and oxidative stress in aquatic organisms

The aquatic environment receives daily substantial amounts of environmental pollutants that have the potential to cause oxidative stress in aquatic organisms through free radical and ROS mechanisms. The uptake of these pollutants by aquatic organisms can occur from sediments, suspended particulate matter with toxic properties, and food sources. Exposure to these contaminants will depend on the particular dietary and ecological lifestyles of the aquatic organisms. Current knowledge and recent

Conclusions

The importance of free radical reactions and ROS in the physiological processes of living organisms and in the mechanisms of toxicity by exposure to a variety of environmental pollutants stimulated an explosive increase of research and applications into the field of oxidative stress caused by ROS. The resulting oxidative damage to lipids, DNA, and proteins and the adverse effects on the antioxidant, enzymatic and nonenzymatic, defense mechanisms of aerobic organisms have been used in recent

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Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants

Abstract

Section snippets

Physiological cellular process and the role of free radicals

Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage to biomolecules and oxidative stress

Biomarkers for free radical damage in biological systems

Pollutants of the aquatic environment and oxidative stress in aquatic organisms

Conclusions

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Biochem. Pharmacol.

Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety

Aquat. Toxicol.

Sci. Tot. Environ.

J. Biol. Chem.

Anal. Biochem.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Aquat. Toxicol.

Environ. Pollut.

Mar. Environ. Res.

Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol.

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Mutat. Res. Rev. Genet. Toxicol.

Aquat. Living Resour.

Mar. Pollut. Bull.

Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C

FEBS Lett.

Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety

J. Biol. Chem.

Mutat. Res.

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Mutat. Res.

J. Biol. Chem.

Comp. Biochem. Physiol.

Comp. Environ. Physiol.

Mar. Pollut. Bull.

Aquat. Toxicol.

Mar. Environ. Res.

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

Aquat. Toxicol.

Aquat. Toxicol.

Mutat. Res.

Mutat. Res.

Mar. Environ. Res.

Aquat. Toxicol.

Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety

Mar. Environ. Res.

Chem. Biol. Interact.

Free Radicals Biol. Med.

Oxidative damage to DNA: Relation to species metabolic rate and life span

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

Chronic dietary mercury exposure causes oxidative stress, brain lesions, and altered behaviour in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr

Aquat. Toxicol.

Trace metal concentrations and susceptibility to oxidative stress in the polychaete Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin) (Sabellidae): potential role of antioxidants in revealing stressful environmental conditions in the Mediterranean

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.