Comparison of the characteristics for natural gas hydrate recovered from marine and terrestrial areas in China
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Natural gas hydrate, distributed widely in marine sediments beyond a water depth of 300 m and the terrestrial permafrost, has been considered as a potential energy resource and attracts worldwide attentions (Kvenvolden, 1995, Makogon et al., 2007). So far, totally about 133 hydrate origins have been found in the world, with 123 in the seabed and lake sediment and 10 in the terrestrial permafrost regions. Permafrost hydrates are mainly distributed in Arctic permafrost at high latitude countries such as Russia, the United States and Canada (Collett et al., 2011, Lu et al., 2011a, Max, 2003, Moridis et al., 2005). For example, the first gas hydrate resource was found in Messoyakha, the Soviet Union, in 1960s (Makogon et al., 2007). In 1972, gas hydrate samples were obtained by drilling in the Prudhoe Bay at the north slope of Alaska (Collett, 1993). Since gas hydrates were found in 1971 in Mackenzie delta in Canada, several wells (Mallik L-38, 2L-38, 3L-8, 4L-38, 5L-38) have been drilled and tested for producing natural gas from hydrate, making this region the most extensive research area (Dallimore and Collett, 1999, Dallimore and Collett, 2005).
The northern South China Sea (SCS) is a transitional continental margin, which remains lots of features of continental geological structure due to the comparatively short expansion time (Ludmann et al., 2001). This area has experienced intensive neotectonic movements, resulting in complex base structures and complicated fault systems (Wang et al., 2006). In this area, the topography is complex and the slope varies greatly. The water depth is between 800 and 2000 m, with the fathom line roughly parallel to the coast line. The deposition rate was 17.9–19.6 cm/ka and 9.6–14.6 cm/ka for late Pleistocene and Holocene, respectively, somewhat higher than that for Pliocene. The geothermal gradient in the studied area is relatively low (45 to 67.7 °C/km) as compared with other regions (~ 80 °C/km) in SCS (Wu et al., 2009). The occurrence of gas hydrate in SCS was known as postulated from the geophysical and geochemical investigations (Ge et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2011). In June 2007, China Geological Survey organized a gas hydrate drilling campaign, GMGS1, in Shenhu area (Fig. 1a), and obtained the natural gas hydrate samples for the first time in China (Zhang et al., 2007). From June to September in 2013, China's second major expedition, GMGS2, took place in the eastern part of the Pearl River Mouth basin at northeast of the Shenhu area (Fig. 1a). It is found that 9 of the 13 investigated sites contain gas hydrate by combining data from logging and core sampling. A variety of morphologies of gas hydrate, such as massive, laminated, nodular, vein and disseminated, were found in samples retrieved from GMGS2 drilling sites (Zhang et al., 2014).
The unique gas hydrate samples have been obtained in low-latitude mountain permafrost zone, the Qilian Mountain permafrost (QMP) region in Tibet Plateau in northwest China since 2008, although the depth of permafrost layer is relatively thinner(Lu et al., 2011b, Lu et al., 2013, Zhu et al., 2010). Permafrost zone in Qilian Mountains is located in the northern margin of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, with an area of 10 × 104 km2 (Fig. 1b). The topography of the drilling area changes from higher in the west and south to lower in the east and north. The altitude is between 4026 m and 4128 m with the permafrost thickness generally 60–80 m. Coal-bed methane is abundant in this area that is beneficial to gas hydrate formation. Some researches indicate that a large number of abnormal signs have been found in this area (Chen et al., 2005, Lu et al., 2007b, Lu et al., 2009). From 2008 to 2014, China Geology Survey organized the “Gas Hydrate Scientific Drilling Project” in QMP in Muri Coalfield. Gas hydrate samples were obtained and well preserved in 2009, and were analyzed in our laboratory for the first time. In August 2013, hydrate samples were obtained again from the DK9, DK11 and DK12 wells, about 450 m in the southeast of the DK2 well. Totally 14 scientific drilling test wells have been carried out and 7 of which successfully obtained the hydrate samples (Fig. 1b).
Analysis of gas hydrate samples can provide directly the information about the characteristics of hydrates and hydrate-bearing reservoirs (Kneafsey et al., 2011). Three crystallographic structures (i.e. structure I (sI), structure II (sII) and structure H (sH)), have been found for natural gas hydrate. The structure depends on the encaged gas component (Davidson et al., 1986, Ripmeester et al., 2005, Uchida et al., 2002). Occasionally, the naturally occurring gas hydrates contain complex gas component (Lu et al., 2007a). For example, gas hydrate recovered from QMP contains only ~ 60% methane (Zhu et al., 2010), whereas gas hydrates from Shenhu area may contain methane higher than 99% (Liu et al., 2012). The field observation found that gas hydrates from the Pearl River Mouth basin in SCS have various morphologies (Zhang et al., 2014). However, gas hydrate from QMP only occurs in cracks of the rock cores (Lu et al., 2011b, Zhu et al., 2010). Hence, gas hydrate samples recovered from marine and terrestrial areas in China have their own features due to different occurrences, and may be quite different from natural gas hydrate samples recovered in other regions in the world.
In this paper, studies for characterizing gas hydrate from SCS and QMP areas were carried out on the core samples, including analysis of the hosting sediments, the crystallographic structure and gas composition. The purpose is to provide a specification of the characteristics about gas hydrate recovered from both marine and terrestrial areas in China.
Section snippets
Gas hydrate sample treatment
The gas hydrate samples preserved in liquid nitrogen were prepared for measurement in our laboratory. Fig. 2 is the marine gas hydrate samples from Shenhu area (SH) and Pearl River Mouth (PRM) basin in SCS, showing invisible and massive hydrate, respectively. Fig. 3 is the typical gas hydrate cores from QMP, showing a yellowish-white or ice-like hydrate on the fracture surface of the rock cores (e.g. siltstone, mudstone) as a very thin layer.
In laboratory, two methods were used for sample
Gas hydrate occurrence and sediment matrix properties
It is found that two typical occurrences (i.e. “pore-filling” and “grain-displacing”) have been generally classified for marine gas hydrates. Most natural gas hydrates formed in sediments are subject to the influence of sediment properties. Several studies have focused on understanding the role of the host sediment properties to the natural variability in gas hydrate occurrences (Bahk et al., 2011, Bahk et al., 2013, Malinverno, 2010, Torres et al., 2008). In this paper, marine gas hydrate
Conclusions
In this paper, the marine gas hydrate samples recovered from SCS (i.e. SH-GH, PRM-GH) and the terrestrial gas hydrate samples from QMP (QMP-GH) have been measured and delineated for characteristics. The SH-GH occurs in fine sediment with abundant calcareous nanofossil and foraminifer and shows a typical “pore-filling” occurrence. The PRM-GH occurs in fine sediment without much bioclast and shows “grain-displacing” type occurrence. For QMP-GH, it occurs either as an ice-like thin-layer on the
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41072037, 41302034, 41376078), and 127 Project (No. GZH201100310).
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2022, Journal of Petroleum Science and EngineeringCitation Excerpt :Natural gas hydrate is a clean alternative energy resource, and its large reserves are widely distributed in marine sediments and terrestrial permafrost, which has been reported by numerous researchers from past to the present (e.g. Ginsburg et al., 1993; Vedachalam et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021). There are abundant gas hydrate resources in China that are mainly distributed in the South China Sea, the East China Sea, Tibet Plateau, and Northeast China Permafrost (Liu et al., 2015), and numerous gas hydrate samples have been obtained during exploration and drilling programs (Wang et al., 2011; Li et al., 2017). The permafrost of the Qilian Mountains was the first region in the world where gas hydrates were discovered at mid-latitudes (Fang et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2019), and was the most typical gas hydrate accumulation area in China.
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