Temporal variability and radiative impact of black carbon aerosol over tropical urban station Hyderabad
Introduction
Due to increase in population, industrialization and energy demands, atmospheric aerosols and pollutant emissions have gradually been increasing over south Asia (Lawrence and Lelieveld, 2010 and references therein). The outflow of aerosols and pollutants over the adjoining oceanic regions and Himalayan range has caused serious effects in regional climate, associated with the formation of atmospheric brownish clouds (Ramanathan et al., 2007), precipitation re-distribution (Lau et al., 2006), impact on monsoon onset (Gautam et al., 2009), mid-tropospheric heating (Gautam et al., 2009) and intensity of the solar dimming phenomenon (Badarinath et al., 2010, Kambezidis et al., 2012). Extensive long-term observations over India showed that the aerosol load and pollutants are higher over the densely-populated IGP (Habib et al., 2006, Dey and di Girolamo, 2010) and over major urban centers and power plants (Ramachandran and Rajesh, 2007). Particularly over Hyderabad, previous studies (e.g. Latha and Badarinath, 2005, Badarinath et al., 2007, Gummeneni et al., 2011) showed high levels of aerosols, particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) rendering it as one of the most polluted cities in India (Beegum et al., 2009).
The enhanced presence of BC aerosols in the atmosphere has not only adverse health effects, but also modifies the radiation balance that may have potential impact on the hydrological cycle and, thereby, on the weather and climate (Satheesh and Ramanathan, 2000, Menon et al., 2002, Lau et al., 2006, Meehl et al., 2008). Due to the strong absorption of solar light, BC aerosols heat the atmosphere and contribute significantly to the global warming, since studies have shown that it is the second contributor (after CO2) to the greenhouse effect (Jacobson, 2000, Ramanathan and Carmichael, 2008). Large mass fraction of BC to the total composite aerosols can reverse the sign of aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) in top of atmosphere (TOA) from cooling to heating, thus leading to large atmospheric absorption (Keil et al., 2001; Babu et al., 2002) and offset of the whitehouse aerosol effect (Schwartz, 1996). Previous studies suggest that BC can also alter the cloud lifetime (Ackerman et al., 2000), reflectivity and melting of snow and ice (Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004, Chaubey et al., 2010). Modeling studies also suggest that the direct forcing of BC can cause a significant change in the atmospheric circulation and tropical convective precipitation (Wang et al., 2006). Recently, Ramanathan et al. (2007) demonstrated that the carbonaceous aerosols may contribute to the regional warming over the Indian Ocean as much as the greenhouse gases. Although several studies have modeled the global radiative effects of BC aerosols (Haywood and Shine, 1995, Jacobson, 2000, Reddy and Boucher, 1997), there are still exist large uncertainties due to the inadequacy of observed data.
Due to significance of BC in modification of the regional climate over south Asia, systematic measurements of BC aerosols have been carried out at several locations in the Indian sub-continent, namely Dibrugarh [27.3°N, 4.5°E] (Pathak et al., 2010), Minicoy [8.3°N, 73.04°E] (Vinoj et al. 2010), Nainital [29.23°N, 79.41°E] (Dumka et al., 2010), Kullu valley [31.9°N, 77.11°E] (Guleria et al., 2011), Delhi [28.63°N, 77.17°E], Kanpur [26.47°N, 80.33°E] (Chinnam et al., 2006), Ahmedabad [23.03°N, 72.55°E] (Ganguly and Jayaraman, 2006), Pune [18.53°N, 73.85°E] (Panicker et al., 2010), Visakhapatnam [17.7°N, 83.3°E] (Sreekanth et al., 2007), Bangalore [13.0°N, 77.0°E] (Babu et al., 2002), among many others. Results from these studies reflect the large spatio-temporal variability of BC aerosols specific to the region.
In the present study, systematic measurements of aerosol BC mass concentration for 2 years (January 2009–December 2010) have been performed over Hyderabad, which is a typical tropical urban industrial region. The data were obtained using a seven channel portable Aethalometer aiming to study the seasonal and diurnal variation of BC and their association with the prevailing atmospheric processes. The seasonal variation in the BC aerosol concentration as well as the identification of its potential pathways and assessment of BC radiative forcing constitute the main objectives of the present study that are examined for the first time over Hyderabad.
Section snippets
Experimental site description and methodology
The study area pertains to Hyderabad (Fig. 1a), which is the fifth largest city in India and is also considered as one of the most polluted (Beegum et al., 2009). This is a direct result of the growth in population and associated activities that have been observed during the last decade. Greater Hyderabad area consists of twin cities, viz Hyderabad and Secunderabad, with its suburbs extending up to ~26 km. The population of the city and surrounding regions according to 2010 census is ~5.3
Synoptic and local meteorology
The monthly mean variation of meteorological parameters (such as relative humidity, ambient temperature, wind speed and wind direction) over the observational site is shown in Fig. 2. The ambient air temperature is high varying from 20.77 °C±0.34 °C in January to 32.63 °C±0.13 °C in May. The surface-level wind follows variable directions, from southeasterly in the period October–March to southwesterly in the period of April–September (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the wind speed is generally low and
Temporal variation of BC mass concentration
The temporal variation of six hourly (open circle) and daily-mean (filled circle with line) BC mass concentration is shown in Fig. 3. The vertical bars express the standard error of the mean and the solid horizontal line denotes the annual-mean BC mass concentration. The results reveal a marked daily and annual variation in BC mass concentration, with high values (>4 µg m−3) during winter and spring followed by lower values during summer. The daily-mean BC mass concentration varies from a minimum
Conclusions
Near real-time measurements of surface BC mass concentrations have been carried out using a seven channel Aethalometer at a tropical urban site Hyderabad, India, during January 2009–December 2010. The observed BC concentration exhibited a strong diurnal and seasonal variation and the main findings can be summarized as follows:
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BC mass concentration showed significant temporal variations, diurnal as well as monthly and seasonal. The BC mass concentration varied from a low value of 2.36±0.09 µg m−3
Acknowledgment
This work is carried out under the Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India (ARFI) project of ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere program (ISRO-GBP). The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html) used in this publication. We would like to thank Dimitris Kaskaoutis and Mr. D. Anand for their fruitful discussion assistance in correcting the manuscript.
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