A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity
Introduction
Leishmaniasis is regarded as a major public health problem (WHO, 2002), causing significant morbidity and mortality in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The disease currently threatens about 350 million women, men and children in 88 countries around the world, with about 2 million affected annually. In Brazil, studies report the occurrence of about 20.000 new cases of the illness annually. An increase in the incidence of leishmaniasis can be associated with urban development, forest devastation, environmental changes and migrations of people to areas where the disease is endemic (Carvalho et al., 2000; Patz et al., 2000; Ashford, 2000).
Species of the genus Leishmania, a protozoan member of the hemoflagellate group, are the causative agents of human leishmaniasis, which has a reservoir in rodents, dogs, saguins, marsupials and others in the wild animal population, and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genera Lutzomia and Phlebotomus. The term leishmaniasis comprises three clearly distinguishable clinical manifestations: generalized visceral infection (visceral leishmaniasis or “Kala-azar”), cutaneous leishmaniasis (Oriental button), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ulceration of the skin and hyperdevelopment of the mucous membranes) (Garcia-Granados et al., 1997; Ashford, 2000).
Members of the genus Leishmania differentiate from proliferative promastigotes in the sandfly vector gut to infective metacyclic promastigotes in the insect foregut. Parasites are inoculated by the vector as the flagellate promastigotes enter the mammalian host, where they infect macrophages, differentiating into nonmotile amastigotes and multiplying as such (Araújo et al., 1998; Carvalho et al., 2000). The mechanisms by which visceral and cutaneous manifestations develop have not been fully clarified.
The treatment of leishmaniasis is difficult because of the intramacrophagic location of the infectious form. Victims of this illness present an immune deficiency and are not able to eliminate the parasites through a natural mechanism of defense. Moreover, malnutrition is associated with certain cases of leishmaniasis. Parallel infection with diseases such as malaria and pneumonia increases the fatality of the illness if it is not diagnosed and treated in time. The problem of leishmaniasis has been worsened by the evolution of AIDS due to parallel infections in AIDS patients, as well as by the development of drug-resistance by parasites (Carvalho et al., 2000; Torres-Santos et al., 1999).
In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The clinically used drugs, many of which are based on pentavalent antimony compounds, were developed before 1959. The toxicity of these agents and the persistence of side-effects even after modification of the dose level and duration of treatment are, however, severe drawbacks. The search for antileishmanial agents has been exhaustive. Alternative drugs, such as amphotericin B and pentamidine, also have unpleasant side-effects (Balana et al., 1998; Carvalho et al., 2000). On the other hand, plant extracts or plant-derived compounds are likely to provide a valuable source of new medicinal agents (Carvalho and Ferreira, 2001; Kayser and Kiderlen, 2001) and the urgent need for alternative treatments has led to a program to screen natural products for potential use in the therapy of leishmaniasis. In fact, the WHO advocated the use of traditional medicine where appropriate health services are inaccessible (Tahir et al., 1998; Weniger et al., 2001; Bhadra, 1993).
Furthermore, the leads obtained from the search for natural products with antileshmanial activity give new impetus for obtaining valuable synthetic compounds (Carvalho et al., 2000).
With the objective of contributing to these studies, a literature search on the use of natural products (crude plant extracts, semi-purified fractions and chemically defined molecules) which have already been evaluated particularly for leishmaniasis, has been carried out.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The keywords used for the literature search for this review were Leishmania×antileishmaniasis×antileishmanial activity×leishmanicidal activity×medicinal plants×natural products. The search was carried out using Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, and the data bank of the University of Illinois in Chicago NAPRALERT (Acronym for NAtural PRoducts ALERT), updated to December 2001. The references found in the search were then studied in detail.
Results and discussion
Consultation of various literature sources resulted in the elaboration of a list of natural products evaluated for antileishmanial activity (Table 1, Table 2). It should be noted that most of the references cited are not first-hand observations, but compilations copied from other sources. For details on the models or mechanism-based bioassays utilized for selecting crude plant extracts, fractions and pure compounds against the Leishmania parasite, the original references should be consulted.
Conclusion
The present study shows a range of plant extracts exhibit interesting antileishmanial properties in vitro, seeming to validate their use in folk medicine. The potent leishmanicidal activities of certain chemically defined molecules isolated from natural origins represent an exciting advance in the search for novel antiprotozoal agents at a time when there is an urgent need for new innovative drug leads.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to the College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, USA, for assistance with the computer-aided NAPRALERT search for antileishmaniasis activity and CNPq/CAPES/Brazil for financial support.
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