Prevalence of annoyance attributed to electrical equipment and smells in a Swedish population, and relationship with subjective health and daily functioning

doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2004.07.011

Public Health

Volume 119, Issue 7, July 2005, Pages 568-577

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.07.011 Get rights and content

Summary

Background

Self-reported annoyance from electrical equipment has been in evidence since the mid-1980s, and the first reports of illness from everyday chemicals arose in the 1960s. However, the extent of the problem has not yet been fully established.

Aims

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of annoyance related to electrical and chemical factors in a Swedish general population, and to assess possible relationships with subjective health and daily functioning.

Methods

In total, 13,604 subjects, representative of the population of Scania, Sweden, answered a survey containing five questions regarding annoyance from five environmental factors: fluorescent tube lighting, visual display units, other electrical equipment, air that smells of chemicals, and other smells. The survey also obtained data on self-reported health (SRH-7), mental well-being [General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12], work situation and daily functioning.

Results

Almost one-third of the respondents reported annoyance from at least one environmental factor. Annoyance was more frequent among women, subjects of working age and immigrants. Subjects who reported environmental annoyance scored higher on GHQ-12 and lower on SRH-7, indicating impaired subjective physical and mental well-being. They were also more likely to report deteriorated daily functioning.

Conclusions

Annoyance related to electrical and/or chemical factors was common in a Swedish population. Subjects reporting environmental annoyance rated their overall health significantly poorer than the general population. The association with subjective health and functional capacity increased with severity of annoyance, which suggests that there is some connection between environmental annoyance, well-being and functional capacity.

Introduction

In the late 1950s and 1960s, Theron Randolph wrote about illness arising from non-allergic susceptibility and maladaptation to environmental irritants such as environmental and indoor chemicals.¹ Self-reported annoyance from electromagnetic fields (EMFs) was first described in the literature in the mid-1980s.2, 3 Most of the early reports on EMF-related complaints were mainly concerned with dermatological symptoms associated with work with visual display units (VDUs). Later, reports of more general neurasthenic symptoms, associated not only with VDUs but with a variety of electrical equipment, were made public.⁴ The most frequently reported symptoms in groups suffering from sensitivity to electricity or VDUs including television and fluorescent tube lighting (FTL), were skin complaints, fatigue, pain and dizziness.⁵ Those who claimed to be sensitive to electricity in general reported a wider range of symptoms than the group who was mainly sensitive to VDUs or fluorescent lighting. Symptoms most frequently reported in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), also known as ‘idiopathic environmental intolerance’, involve the central nervous system, respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract.⁶

Although self-reported problems associated with VDUs, fluorescent lighting and other electrical devices have been recognized for almost 20 years, the extent of the problem in the general population has not been established. The presumed number of cases of ‘electromagnetic hypersensitivity’ in European countries varies from 10 to more than 10,000.⁷ Concern about the problem has varied between countries, as have the types of complaints reported. In attempts to estimate the prevalence in different European countries, Sweden and Germany seemed to have the highest number of affected persons.⁷ A prevalence of self-reported hypersensitivity to electrical or magnetic fields of 1.5% was reported in a city population in Stockholm, Sweden⁸ and 3.2% in a Californian population.⁹ In the Californian study, sensitivity or allergy to everyday chemicals was reported by 23.1% of respondents. A combination of sensitivity to electrical devices and everyday chemicals was reported by 1.8% of respondents. A few years previously, the same question about sensitivity to chemicals in California resulted in a prevalence of 15.9% for self-reported sensitivity.¹⁰

Self-reported sensitivity to electricity has been found to be more common among women⁸ and among those with a lower socio-economic status (SES).8, 11 The Swedish study found a higher prevalence in people born outside the Nordic countries, while the Californian study found ethnicity other than White, Black or Hispanic to be predictive of the report of being hypersensitive to EMFs. While Hillert et al.⁸ found the highest prevalence of self-reported hypersensitivity to EMF in persons aged 60–69 years, Frick et al.¹² found no difference between age groups in reporting ‘EMF-related symptoms’. Women have also been found to be more susceptible to, or over-represented in complaints of, chemical sensitivity,10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 while the impact of factors such as ethnicity, income and age has been less clear.

A number of provocation tests have failed to show that people experiencing sensitivity to EMFs or electrical devices were better than a control group at distinguishing real exposure to EMFs from sham exposure.11, 18, 19, 20, 21

Subjects suffering from environmental illness mainly related to chemicals have been found to be more anxious, stressed, depressed and functionally disabled, and report more medical disability, impaired functioning and more days in bed due to disability.14, 22, 23, 24, 25 In a review article, Black²⁶ confirmed the image of subjects with MCS as being more depressed and scoring higher on scales of anxiety, depression and somatization. Women with self-reported poor health attributed to chemicals have been reported to show poorer overall health and increased disability.²⁷ A qualitative study on 12 women with environmental sensitivity indicated a multiple-system involvement with changes to personal health, environment and occupation that contributed to a decline in occupational performance.²⁸

Since several studies have failed to find objective signs of allergic reactions present in subjects claiming sensitivity to electricity, the only way to examine the prevalence of this ‘syndrome’ is through self-reports. Previous studies in this field have examined the prevalence of self-reported sensitivity or hypersensitivity against environmental factors. However, for a person to regard him/herself as hypersensitive against some factor, there should be an annoyance reaction, or experiences of unpleasant symptoms, combined with an attribution of this annoyance or symptoms to some stimuli. The prevalence of attribution of irritation or annoyance to electricity or smell-related environmental stimuli in the general population, without necessarily leading to the subject regarding him/herself as hypersensitive, has not yet been examined.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of attribution of annoyance to electrical devices, chemicals and smells in a Swedish general population, and to assess the distribution of this annoyance attribution in various demographic and socio-economic groups. We further aimed to investigate whether subjects reporting such annoyance presented reduced subjective health status and functional capacity.

Section snippets

Subjects

A postal questionnaire was sent to a non-proportional geographically stratified sample of 24,922 persons born between 1919 and 1981 and living in Scania (Skåne, the southernmost county of Sweden) in November 1999–April 2000. In total, 7402 women and 6202 men responded, giving a response rate of 59%.²⁹

Questions about environmental annoyance

Five questions regarding annoyance from environmental factors were included in the survey. These questions were: ‘During the past 14 days, did you experience annoyance that you associate with: (1)

Results

Of the respondents, 30.2% (CI 29.4–31.0) reported annoyance, to any degree, from at least one environmental factor. In response to the five basic questions, ‘other smells’ was the factor most frequently reported as annoying (Table 1). Of the electrical environmental factors, VDUs were most frequently associated with reports of some annoyance, while FTL was most commonly associated with reports of much annoyance. Of all five factors, ‘other electrical equipment’ was most rarely associated with

Discussion

Annoyance attributed to electrical and/or chemical factors was common in the general Swedish population. To have been ‘very annoyed’ in association with any of these factors was also common. The questions in this survey differ from previous prevalence studies8, 10, 13 in that we did not ask about suffering from sensitivity to electricity or MCS, but only about annoyance attributed to various factors, which seems to have given a larger proportion of positive answers. We do not know how many of

Conclusion

In conclusion, annoyance attributed to environmental factors was common in a general Swedish population. Such annoyance attribution was most frequent among women, people outside the labour market, immigrants, and people of working age. Subjects associating annoyance with electrical devices, chemicals and smells rated their overall health and functional capacity significantly poorer than that of the general population.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Juan Merlo for valuable discussions and comments on the methods. This study was financially supported by the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research, project #2001-0321 and 0322.

References (41)

U. Frick et al.
Risk perception, somatization, and self report of complaints related to electromagnetic fields—a randomized survey study
Int J Hyg Environ Health
(2002)
H.M. Bolt et al.
Is multiple chemical sensitivity a clinically defined entity?
Toxicol Lett
(2002)
T.G. Randolph
Ecologic orientation in medicine: comprehensive environmental control in diagnosis and therapy
Ann Allergy
(1965)
B.G. Knave et al.
Work with video display terminals among office employees. II. Physical exposure factors
Scand J Work Environ Health
(1985)
B.G. Knave et al.
Work with video display terminals among office employees. I. Subjective symptoms and discomfort
I. Scand J Work Environ Health
(1985)
U. Bergqvist et al.
Elektromagnetiska fält, elöverkänslighet och neurologisk sjukdom—en kunskapsöversikt (Electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic hypersensitivity and neurological disease—a review)
(1998)
J. Bergdahl
Psychologic aspects of patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units
Acta Odontol Scand
(1995)
P.J. Sparks
Idiopathic environmental intolerances: overview
Occup Med
(2000)
L. Hillert et al.
Prevalence of self-reported hypersensitivity to electric or magnetic fields in a population-based questionnaire survey
Scand J Work Environ Health
(2002)

P. Levallois et al.

Study of self-reported hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields in California

Environ Health Perspect

(2002)

R. Kreutzer et al.

Prevalence of people reporting sensitivities to chemicals in a population-based survey

Am J Epidemiol

(1999)

P. Levallois

Hypersensitivity of human subjects to environmental electric and magnetic field exposure: a review of the literature

Environ Health Perspect

(2002)

I.R. Bell et al.

Self-reported illness from chemical odors in young adults without clinical syndromes or occupational exposures

Arch Environ Health

(1993)

I.R. Bell et al.

Neuropsychiatric and somatic characteristics of young adults with and without self-reported chemical odor intolerance and chemical sensitivity

Arch Environ Health

(1996)

H.M. Kipen et al.

Measuring chemical sensitivity prevalence: a questionnaire for population studies

Am J Public Health

(1995)

W.J. Meggs et al.

Prevalence and nature of allergy and chemical sensitivity in a general population

Arch Environ Health

(1996)

E. Lyskov et al.

Provocation study of persons with perceived electrical hypersensitivity and controls using magnetic field exposure and recording of electrophysiological characteristics

Bioelectromagnetics

(2001)

S. Lonne-Rahm et al.

Provocation with stress and electricity of patients with sensitivity to electricity

J Occup Environ Med

(2000)

M. Hietanen et al.

Hypersensitivity symptoms associated with exposure to cellular telephones: no causal link

Bioelectromagnetics

(2002)

Cited by (71)

Why electrohypersensitivity and related symptoms are caused by non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic fields: An overview and medical assessment
2022, Environmental Research
Citation Excerpt :
These effects consist of decreased β-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) peripheral blood concentration (this molecule is an endogenous sleep promoting neurohormone) (Hardell et al., 2010), alterations of sleep EEG (Mann and Röschke, 1996; Schmid et al., 2012) and resting EEG (von Klitzing, 1995; Huber et al., 2002; Ghosn et al., 2015; Loughran et al., 2019), alteration of evoked electric potentials (Carrubba and Marino, 2008) and changes of the EEG alpha rhythm (Croft et al., 2008; Vecchio et al., 2012) and of the EEG slow beta, fast beta and gamma bands (Roggeveen et al., 2015). Such exposure to ELF or mostly to RF EMF (see Table 5) have also been shown in healthy subjects to alter the brain response during a memory task (Krause et al., 2000), to affect sleep dependent performance improvement in normal subjects (Lustenberger et al., 2013), to modify the 50 Hz exposure-induced human performance and psychophysiological parameters (Crasson et al., 1999), to induce annoyance and alter well-being (Zheng et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2019), to modify smells (Carlsson et al., 2005), and to influence cognitive performance (Verrender et al., 2016). In addition it has been reported that cell phone-associated WC EMF exposure decreases slow brain potentials at the central and temporo-parieto-occipital brain region (Freude et al., 1998), increases brain glucose metabolism activity (Volkow et al., 2011) and oxygen consumption at the frontal cortex (Curcio et al., 2009), alters non-thermal RFR-induced hemoglobin deoxygenation in cell-free preparations (Mousavy et al., 2009; Muehsam et al., 2013), influences electric properties of human blood measured by impedance spectroscopy (Sosa et al., 2005), increases blood viscosity (Tao and Huang, 2011), modifies brain vascularization (Huber et al., 2002; Aalto et al., 2006), alters blood pressure-associated baro-reflex activity (Braune et al., 1998), and induces vagal nerve stimulation at ECG and EEG (Burgess et al., 2016).
Much of the controversy over the cause of electrohypersensitivity (EHS) lies in the absence of recognized clinical and biological criteria for a widely accepted diagnosis. However, there are presently sufficient data for EHS to be acknowledged as a distinctly well-defined and objectively characterized neurologic pathological disorder. Because we have shown that 1) EHS is frequently associated with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in EHS patients, and 2) that both individualized disorders share a common pathophysiological mechanism for symptom occurrence; it appears that EHS and MCS can be identified as a unique neurologic syndrome, regardless their causal origin. In this overview we distinguish the etiology of EHS itself from the environmental causes that trigger pathophysiological changes and clinical symptoms after EHS has occurred. Contrary to present scientifically unfounded claims, we indubitably refute the hypothesis of a nocebo effect to explain the genesis of EHS and its presentation. We as well refute the erroneous concept that EHS could be reduced to a vague and unproven “functional impairment”. To the contrary, we show here there are objective pathophysiological changes and health effects induced by electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in EHS patients and most of all in healthy subjects, meaning that excessive non-thermal anthropogenic EMFs are strongly noxious for health. In this overview and medical assessment we focus on the effects of extremely low frequencies, wireless communications radiofrequencies and microwaves EMF. We discuss how to better define and characterize EHS. Taken into consideration the WHO proposed causality criteria, we show that EHS is in fact causally associated with increased exposure to man-made EMF, and in some cases to marketed environmental chemicals. We therefore appeal to all governments and international health institutions, particularly the WHO, to urgently consider the growing EHS-associated pandemic plague, and to acknowledge EHS as a mainly new real EMF causally-related pathology.
Psychological models of development of idiopathic environmental intolerances: Evidence from longitudinal population-based data
2022, Environmental Research
The origin of idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEIs) is an open question. According to the psychological approaches, various top-down factors play a dominant role in the development of IEIs. The general psychopathology model assumes a propensity towards mental ill-health (negative affectivity) increases the probability of developing IEIs. The attribution model emphasizes the importance of mistaken attribution of experienced somatic symptoms; thus, more symptoms should lead to more IEIs. Finally, the nocebo model highlights the role of expectations in the development of IEIs. In this case, worries about the harmful effects of environmental factors are assumed to evoke IEIs.
We estimated cross-lagged panel models with latent variables based on longitudinal data obtained at two time points (six years apart) from a large near-representative community sample to test the hypothesized associations. Indicators of chemical intolerance, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, and sound sensitivity fit well under a common latent factor of IEIs. This factor, in turn, showed considerable temporal stability. However, whereas a positive association was found between IEIs and increased somatic symptoms and modern health worries six years later, the changes therein could not be predicted as hypothesized by the three psychological models. We discuss the implications of these results, as well as methodological aspects in the measurement and prediction of change in IEIs.
Potential factors affecting chronic chemical intolerance associated with constitutional predisposition or lifestyle and environment during childhood: From a six-year follow-up study
2021, Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Citation Excerpt :
Chemical intolerance (CI), also known as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) or idiopathic environmental intolerance to chemicals, is an acquired condition characterized by multiple recurrent symptoms in different organ systems associated with exposure to low levels of various odorous or pungent, chemically unrelated substances, which are included in building materials, car exhaust, cigarette smoke, cleaning agents, combustion products, fragranced consumer products, new furniture, new newspapers, organic solvents, perfumes, pesticides, petroleum products, and softeners [1–4]. Between 8% and 33% of people in various populations consider themselves to be unusually sensitive to those odorous or pungent chemicals, with the variability in prevalence depending largely on a wide variety of definitions and severity [5–14]. Many of the symptoms involve the central nervous system, including headache, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, cognitive deficit, anxiety, dyspnea, and concentration and memory difficulties.
The Japanese chemical intolerance (JCI) study was conducted in January 2012 with a cohort of 7245 adults from population-based sampling. This study aimed to investigate the childhood constitutional and environmental factors involved in the development of chronic CI from the prospective cohort study.
In the cohort, 4683 persons were identified after six years. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to the subjects to obtain information on CI status; medical history; constitution, lifestyle, and housing environment during childhood; and recent psychosomatic states. We assessed the differences between individuals with persisting CI status during the follow-up (defined as chronic CI) and controls not having CI status during the follow-up.
A total of 2500 individuals responded. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between chronic CI and motion sickness to car or bus and allergic conjunctivitis during childhood. Significant associations between a possible increased risk of CI and the existence of high-voltage power lines close to housing, the use of vinyl covering in wall material, the use of strong perfume by a family member, and the experience of stinky odor of paint or wax at elementary school were observed. However, the use of carpet in floor material and plaster coating in wall material was associated with a possible decreased risk of CI.
Some potential constitutional predisposition from childhood, including inherent susceptibility in the autonomic nervous system may be involved in the development of CI.
Factors affecting self-reported chemical intolerance: A five-year follow-up study in Japan
2019, Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Chemical intolerance (CI) has become a strong public health concern in industrialized countries. The Japanese Chemical Intolerance (JCI) study was conducted in January 2012 with a cohort of 7245 adults from population-based sampling as the baseline. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors involved in the improvement and development of CI from the five-year follow-up study.
From the 7245 cohort, 735 persons with CI (case) were identified, and 1750 controls without CI were randomly selected to match gender and age for case and control groups. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to the subjects of the two groups to obtain information on status of CI; medical history; medical, lifestyle, or physical interventions; changes in living situation or occupation; and psychosomatic states.
A total of 909 individuals responded during the follow-up period. After five years, improvement in CI was observed in 67.7% of the case group. Status of CI was reported in 6.7% of the control group. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that baseline atopic dermatitis and negative psychosomatic states including irritability, fatigue, anxiety, depressed mood, and somatic symptoms were significantly associated with development of CI in controls. Appropriate physical activity and maintaining a regular lifestyle including diet or sleep during the last three years of the follow-up period were significant factors for improvement of CI in the case group.
Ensuring appropriate physical activity and regular lifestyle rather than improving physical environment lead to improvement of CI. Stable psychosomatic state is essential for preventing CI.
Survey on changes in subjective symptoms, onset/trigger factors, allergic diseases, and chemical exposures in the past decade of Japanese patients with multiple chemical sensitivity
2018, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
Recently, with rapid changes in the Japanese lifestyle, the clinical condition of patients with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) may also have undergone change. Thus, we conducted a new survey for subjective symptoms, ongoing chemical exposures, the prevalence of allergic diseases, and presumed onset/trigger factors in patients with MCS and compared results with those of an old survey from ten years ago.
The new survey was conducted from 2012 to 2015 and the old survey was independently conducted from 1999 to 2003, meaning it was not a follow-up study. Patients were initially diagnosed by physicians at five medical institutions with MCS specialty outpatient services, with 111 and 103 patients participating in the new and old surveys, respectively. The controls were a general population living in Japan, with 1313 and 2382 participants in the new and old surveys, respectively. Subjective symptoms and ongoing chemical exposure were evaluated using a quick environmental exposure sensitivity inventory. Additionally, from clinical findings recorded by an attending physician, the prevalence of allergic diseases and presumed onset/trigger factors were evaluated. Differences between new and old surveys were analyzed using logistic regression analyses and significance tests.
Compared with ten years ago: (1) Regarding factors affecting patients with ongoing chemical exposures, the proportion of patients affected decreased significantly for two items only (insecticides and second-hand smoke). The proportion of controls showing ongoing exposure to 8 out of 10 items changed significantly. (2) In patients, scores for chemical intolerances, other intolerances, and life impacts increased significantly. (3) In terms of the prevalence of allergic diseases among patients with MCS, bronchial asthma (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 5.19), atopic dermatitis (AOR: 3.77), allergic rhinitis (AOR: 5.34), and food allergies (AOR: 2.63) increased significantly, while hay fever (AOR: 0.38) and drug allergies (AOR: 0.40) decreased significantly. (4) With regard to construction and renovation, which was the presumed predominant onset/trigger factor for MCS 10 years ago, this decreased from 68.9% to 35.1%; in contrast, electromagnetic fields (0.0%–26.1%), perfume (0.0%–20.7%), and medical treatment (1.9%–7.2%) increased significantly, confirming the diversification of onset/trigger factors.
Compared to ten years ago, for patients with MCS, an increase in avoidance behavior toward chemical substance exposures, which were presumed to be aggravating factors for symptoms, was confirmed. It has been suggested that the ongoing chemical exposure of the general population in Japan has largely changed. In addition, for patients with MCS, chemical intolerances and life impacts have become severe, the prevalence of the main allergic diseases has increased, and onset/trigger factors have become diversified.
Prevalence of environmental annoyance in a Swedish and Finnish general population: Impact of everyday exposures on affect and behavior
2018, Journal of Environmental Psychology
Citation Excerpt :
The prevalence of annoyance to environmental exposures was more common in women than in men, which was the case for all three types of annoyance in both the Swedish and Finnish sample. This finding is in line with prior research showing higher prevalence of environmental annoyance in women for chemicals and electrical devices (Berg et al., 2008; Carlsson et al., 2005; Johansson, Brämerson, Millqvist, Nordin, & Bende, 2005). The female predominance may lead to understanding underlying mechanisms of environmental adverse reactions and help to target optimal treatment and prevention of this susceptible group.
We identified optimal cutoff scores for three questionnaire instruments that quantify environmental annoyance (affective reactions and behavioral disruptions) attributed to everyday environmental exposures of chemicals, electromagnetic fields and sounds, and applied these cutoff scores to estimate the prevalence of such reactions in two general populations. Data were used from 4941 participants from Swedish and Finnish population-based surveys. The identified optimal cutoff scores showed excellent diagnostic accuracy, and provided prevalence rates for these reactions of 28.8 and 27.0% for chemicals, 7.0 and 7.7% for electromagnetic fields, and 27.8 and 28.3% for sounds, for the Swedish and Finnish samples, respectively. The prevalence rates varied between age groups and sexes. The findings suggest that the cutoffs are useful for identifying individuals or groups with affective and behavioral reactions to everyday environmental exposures, and that the prevalence rate for these reactions vary depending on type of exposure, age and sex.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Prevalence of annoyance attributed to electrical equipment and smells in a Swedish population, and relationship with subjective health and daily functioning

Summary

Background

Aims

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Section snippets

Subjects

Questions about environmental annoyance

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Int J Hyg Environ Health

Toxicol Lett

Ecologic orientation in medicine: comprehensive environmental control in diagnosis and therapy

Ann Allergy

Work with video display terminals among office employees. II. Physical exposure factors

Scand J Work Environ Health

Work with video display terminals among office employees. I. Subjective symptoms and discomfort

I. Scand J Work Environ Health

Elektromagnetiska fält, elöverkänslighet och neurologisk sjukdom—en kunskapsöversikt (Electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic hypersensitivity and neurological disease—a review)

Psychologic aspects of patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units

Acta Odontol Scand

Idiopathic environmental intolerances: overview

Occup Med

Prevalence of self-reported hypersensitivity to electric or magnetic fields in a population-based questionnaire survey

Scand J Work Environ Health

Study of self-reported hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields in California

Environ Health Perspect

Prevalence of people reporting sensitivities to chemicals in a population-based survey

Am J Epidemiol

Hypersensitivity of human subjects to environmental electric and magnetic field exposure: a review of the literature

Environ Health Perspect

Self-reported illness from chemical odors in young adults without clinical syndromes or occupational exposures

Arch Environ Health

Neuropsychiatric and somatic characteristics of young adults with and without self-reported chemical odor intolerance and chemical sensitivity

Arch Environ Health

Measuring chemical sensitivity prevalence: a questionnaire for population studies

Am J Public Health

Prevalence and nature of allergy and chemical sensitivity in a general population

Arch Environ Health

Provocation study of persons with perceived electrical hypersensitivity and controls using magnetic field exposure and recording of electrophysiological characteristics

Bioelectromagnetics

Provocation with stress and electricity of patients with sensitivity to electricity

J Occup Environ Med

Hypersensitivity symptoms associated with exposure to cellular telephones: no causal link

Bioelectromagnetics