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How will second-use of batteries affect stocks and flows in the EU? A model for traction Li-ion batteries

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.022Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • Second-use entails energy savings but also delays availability of secondary raw materials.

  • Different perspectives should be used to assess the effects of second-use of batteries.

  • A dynamic and parametrized MFA model describes the value-chain of batteries in Europe.

  • Flows of batteries/energy storage capacity/materials are assessed for various scenarios.

  • More robust data as model input are needed to proper manage the whole battery system.

Abstract

Although not yet developed in Europe, second-use of traction batteries enables an extension of their lifetime and potentially improves life cycle environmental performance. Li-ion batteries (LIBs) offer the most promising chemistry for traction batteries in electric vehicles (xEVs) and for second-use. Due to the novelty of the topic and the expected increase of e-mobility in the next decades, more efforts to understand the potential consequences of second-use of batteries from different perspectives are needed. This paper develops a dynamic, parameterised Material Flow Analysis (MFA) model to estimate stocks and flows of LIBs after their removal from xEVs along the specific processes of the european value-chain. Direct reuse, second-use and recycling are included in the model and parameters make it customisable and updatable.

Focusing on full and plug-in electric vehicles, LIBs and energy storage capacity flows are estimated. Stocks and flows of two embedded materials relevant for Europe were also assessed (cobalt and lithium). Results showed that second-use corresponds to a better exploitation of LIBs’ storage capacity. Meanwhile, Co and Li in-use stocks are locked in LIBs and their recovery is delayed by second-use; depending on the slower/faster development of second-use, the amount of Co available for recycling in 2030 ranges between 9% and 15% of Co demand and between 7 and 16% for Li. Uncertainty of inputs is addressed through sensitivity analysis.

A variety of actors can use this MFA model to enhance knowledge of second-use of batteries in Europe and to support the effective management of LIBs along their value-chain.

Keywords

Second-use
Reuse
Europe
Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
Materials/energy flows
Li-ion batteries

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