Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.011

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 235-249

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.011 Get rights and content

Abstract

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular for remote area power generation applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. Economic aspects of these technologies are sufficiently promising to include them in developing power generation capacity for developing countries. Research and development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are required to continue for, improving their performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output and reliably integrating them with other conventional generating sources. The paper describes methodologies to model HRES components, HRES designs and their evaluation. The trends in HRES design show that the hybrid PV/wind energy systems are becoming gaining popular. The issues related to penetration of these energy systems in the present distribution network are highlighted.

Introduction

Solar and wind energy are non-depletable, site-dependent, non-polluting, and potential sources of alternative energy. Utilization of solar and wind power has become increasingly significant, attractive and cost-effective, since the oil crises of early 1970s [1]. However, common drawback with solar and wind energy is their unpredictable nature. Standalone photovoltaics (PV) or wind energy system, do not produce usable energy for considerable portion of time during the year. This is mainly due to dependence on sunshine hours, which are variable, in the former case and on relatively high cut-in wind speeds, which range from 3.5 to 4.5 m/s, in the latter case resulting in under utilization of capacity [2]. In general, the variations of solar and wind energy do not match with the time distribution of demand. The independent use of both the systems results in considerable over-sizing for system reliability, which in turn makes the design costly [1]. The initial cost of solar or wind energy system is higher than diesel engine generator of comparable size but the operating and maintenance costs are always lower than that for the diesel engine generator. As the advantages of solar and wind energy systems became widely known, system designers have started looking for their integration. The term hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is used to describe any energy system with more than one type of generator usually a conventional generator powered by diesel, and a renewable energy source such as PV, wind, and PV/wind. For remote areas, HRES are often the most cost-effective and reliable way to produce power. However, solar and wind energy into a HRES can attenuate fluctuations in power produced, thereby significantly reducing energy storage requirements [1], [3].

Over the last decade, HRES have become viable alternatives for power production because they allow designer to capitalize on the strengths of both conventional and renewable energy sources. The HRES invariably includes battery storage to meet the demand when either the demand is peak load demand or renewable energy source is not available. Battery storage also smoothen the mismatch between time of occurrence of peak load and maximum power generated.

The HRES design is mainly dependent on the performance of an individual system. In order to predict performance, individual components should be modeled first and then their mix can be evaluated to meet the demand reliably. If the power output prediction from these individual components is accurate enough then the resultant combination will deliver power at the least cost. This approach is adopted by researchers. The present paper aims at reviewing the current state of HRES modeling with particular reference to solar and wind energy. Methodologies generally adopted for modeling system component are described. This is followed by review of work reported by several authors. The paper also discusses need of future consideration in the design of HRES.

Section snippets

Modeling of hybrid renewable energy system components

Various modeling techniques are developed by researchers to model components of HRES. Performance of individual component is either modeled by deterministic or probabilistic approaches [4]. General methodology for modeling HRES components like PV, wind, diesel generator, and battery is described below:

Criteria for hybrid renewable energy systems selection

Various researchers have evaluated HRES using different methods such as energy to load ratio, battery to load ratio, and non-availability of energy. In order to select an optimal combination of a HRES to meet the demand, evaluation may be carried on the basis of reliability and economics of power supply. Reliability of the system is expressed in terms of LOLP or autonomy and net present value. The commonly used methodologies for evaluation of HRES as follows:

Review of hybrid renewable energy system modeling

Several HRES configurations such as PV–battery, PV–diesel, wind–battery, wind–diesel, PV–wind–battery, and PV–wind–diesel–battery are shown to be commercially viable. Current status of HRES modeling utilizing solar and wind energy is discussed as follows:

Trends in hybrid renewable energy system modeling

The classification of published literature is presented herewith a view to highlight trends in HRES modeling (Table 1, Table 2). Literature review reveals that over the last decades, HRES applications are growing rapidly and HRES technology has proven its competitiveness for remote area applications. Table 2 represents studies reported on various aspects of HRES like design/economics, control, and utility interactive. It is observed that approximately 90% of studies reported are on

Conclusions

Published literature on hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) modeling indicates its popularity in terms of meeting specific energy demands. HRESs are mainly recognized for remote area power applications and are now a days cost-effective where extension of grid supply is expensive. Although, the cost and technological development of HRES in recent years has been encouraging, they remain an expensive source of power. HRES provides prospects of incorporating in power generation capacity to

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge for the constructive suggestions, criticism and support of Dr. S.D. Pohekar, BITS, Pilani.

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