Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications
Section snippets
Nomenclature
- am
fraction melted
- ar
fraction reacted
- c
specific heat (J/kg °C)
- ck
specific heat of phase k in PCM (J/kg °C)
- Cap
average specific heat between Ti and Tf (J/kg K)
- Clp
average specific heat between Tm and Tf (J/kg K)
- Cp
specific heat (J/kg K)
- Csp
average specific heat between Ti and Tm (kJ/kg K)
- dx, Δx
length of control volume (m)
- dy, Δy
height of control volume (m)
- f
melt fraction
- h
sensible volumetric enthalpy (J/m3)
- Δhm
heat of fusion per unit mass (J/kg)
- Δhr
endothermic heat of reaction
- H
total volumetric enthalpy (J/m3)
- kk
Latent heat storage materials
Phase change materials (PCM) are “Latent” heat storage materials. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from solid to liquid, or liquid to solid. This is called a change in state, or “Phase.” Initially, these solid–liquid PCMs perform like conventional storage materials, their temperature rises as they absorb heat. Unlike conventional (sensible) storage materials, PCM absorbs and release heat at a nearly constant temperature. They store 5–14 times more heat per unit volume
Classification of PCMs
A large number of phase change materials (organic, inorganic and eutectic) are available in any required temperature range. A classification of PCMs is given in Fig. 3.
There are a large number of organic and inorganic chemical materials, which can be identified as PCM from the point of view melting temperature and latent heat of fusion. However, except for the melting point in the operating range, majority of phase change materials does not satisfy the criteria required for an adequate storage
Measurement techniques of latent heat of fusion and melting temperature
The techniques presently used for latent heat of fusion and melting temperature of PCMs are: (i) differential thermal analysis (DTA), and (ii) differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). [24]. In DSC and DTA techniques, sample and reference materials are heated at constant rate. The temperature difference between them is proportional to the difference in heat flow between the two materials and the record is the DSC curve. The recommended reference material is alumina (Al2O3). Latent heat of fusion
Solar water-heating systems
Solar water heater is getting popularity [25], [26] since they are relatively inexpensive and simple to fabricate and maintain. Prakesh et al. [27] analyzed a built in storage type water heater containing a layer of PCM filled at the bottom. During the sunshine hours, the water gets heated up which in turn transfers heat to the PCM below it. The PCM collects energy in the form of latent heat and melts. During off sunshine hours, the hot water is withdrawn and is substituted by cold water, which
Heat transfer in latent heat thermal energy storage systems and materials
The study of heat transfer characteristics of melting and solidification process is also one of the most attractive areas in contemporary heat transfer research.
Conclusion
This review paper is focused on the available thermal energy storage technology with PCMs with different applications. Those technologies is very beneficial for the humans and as well as for the energy conservation. This paper presents the current research in this particular field, with the main focus being on the assessment of the thermal properties of various PCMs. The heat storage applications used as a part of solar water-heating systems, solar air heating systems, solar cooking, solar
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