Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
Simultaneous quantitative determination of paracetamol and tramadol in tablet formulation using UV spectrophotometry and chemometric methods
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide is one of the most popular and most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug with no anti-inflammatory activity. Its mechanism of action is complex and to date has not been completely elucidated. Due to a lack of significant peripheral action on prostaglandins, paracetamol is better tolerated than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and has no gastrointestinal side effects [1], [2].
Tramadol, (1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol hydrochloride, is a centrally acting atypical opioid analgesic consisting of two enantiomers, both of which contribute to its activity by different mechanisms. It inhibits noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and serotonin reuptake by binding to their neuronal reuptake sites resulting in the simultaneous reduction of afferent pain signalling and the amplification of efferent inhibitory signalling [3], [4].
Orally administered fixed-dose combination of tramadol and paracetamol in the form of tablets is indicated for symptomatic treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is effective in providing pain relief in adult patients with postoperative pain after minor surgery, musculoskeletal pain, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, or migraine pain. As these two drugs have complementary modes of action and target multiple sites, their combination provides better analgetic action against several types and sources of pain [5].
Chemometric calibration techniques in spectral analysis are widely used in quality control of drugs, especially in the analysis of mixtures and multicomponent pharmaceutical formulations with overlapping spectra. The advantage of such techniques lie in the fact that separation procedures of the drugs are not required. Partial least squares (PLS) is a regression method long employed for the quantitative processing of spectroscopic data in order to reduce dimensionality of the variables and to extract only relevant information [6], [7]. This method, coupled with a genetic algorithm (GA), is a useful tool for wavelength selection in spectral data analysis. The wavelength reduction in PLS calibration using genetic algorithm can provide valuable information about the system studied, improve accuracy and precision of the results obtained by applying mathematical models, and reduce their complexity [8], [9].
Numerous quantitative analytical methods have been reported for the separate determination of tramadol and paracetamol in pharmaceutical products and biological materials. Descriptions of flow injection–Fourier transform infrared spectrometric method [10], Fourier transform infrared [11], near infrared [12], [13], [14], [15], UV–Vis [16], [17], and fluorescence spectroscopy [18], flow-injection spectrophotometry [19], HPLC [20], HPLC-MS [21], HPLC-MS-MS [22], GC [23], [24], GC-MS [25], [26], capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection [27], [28], voltammetry [29], [30], flow injection analysis system with square-wave voltammetric and amperometric detection [31], titrimetry [32], and flow injection with chemiluminescence detection [33] can be found in the literature. Derivative spectrophotometry [34], [35] and spectrophotometry coupled with multivariate calibration techniques [36], [37], [38] have been used for the determination of paracetamol in the multicomponent mixture of drugs. Despite a large number of published papers describing individual determination of two analytes, there is a couple of papers on simultaneous quantification of two APIs in drug products and human plasma. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography [39], a second derivative spectrophotometry [40], and a differential pulse voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode as a sensor [41] have been used for the quantitative analysis of tramadol and paracetamol in pharmaceutical products, whereas a high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric method has been reported for the determination of both drugs in human plasma [42]. Due to a significant difference in amounts of the APIs in the tablet formulation (mass fraction of tramadol is 8.8% and that of paracetamol is 76.5%) as well as to their significant spectral overlapping, application of spectrophotometry for the quantitative analysis of tablets is very challenging. To overcome these issues, in the present work PLS and GA-PLS chemometric methods have been applied for the UV spectrophotometric data processing.
Section snippets
Materials
The paracetamol-tramadol tablets (Paracetamol + Tramadol 325 mg + 37.5 mg tablets) were produced in Belupo's pilot production plant. The quality of all raw materials used for tablet production complied with Ph. Eur. quality. The tramadol was bought from Chemagis Ltd. (Israel) and paracetamol from Mallinckrodt Inc. (USA). Both substances were standardized according to the corresponding analytical procedures described in Ph. Eur. monographs and afterwards used as the working standards.
All the solvents
Results and discussion
The UV spectra of standard solutions of paracetamol, tramadol and a mixture of both drugs are shown in Fig. 1. Significant overlapping of the spectra of the drug substances can be observed. In addition, the absorbances in the tramadol spectrum are significantly lower than those corresponding to paracetamol, and therefore the spectra of combined solutions are strongly dominated by the paracetamol spectrum.
The compositions of binary mixtures of standard solutions were chosen randomly to avoid
Conclusion
New UV spectrophotometric methods based on the multivariate chemometric techniques for quantitative data analysis were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients in paracetamol-tramadol tablets. For both drugs a very good agreement between the results obtained by the new and referent UHPLC methods was found, whereby the GA-PLS based approach was proven to be somewhat superior to the ordinary PLS. In the case of tramadol, the former method
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, Croatian Science Foundation (project IP-2014-09-7309), and Belupo Inc.
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2022, Analytica Chimica ActaCitation Excerpt :Therefore, the trace detection and quantitative analysis of paracetamol are essential. So far, various methods are used for analysis and detection of paracetamol, including spectrophotometry [12,13],chemiluminescence [14], titration [15], flow injection analysis (FIA) [16], chromatography [17–20], and electrochemical analysis [21–24]. However, these techniques require sample pretreatment and complicated professional operation, expensive instruments, which could not be monitored in real time.