Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital: A multilevel study
Section snippets
Gender differences in the creation of social capital
Social resources embedded in networks may provide various benefits, such as information, influence, and control. Social capital reflects the access to these resources (Burt, 1997, Lin et al., 1981, Seibert et al., 2001). A central focus of the social networks perspective is on the structure of social interactions and how this structure enhances or constrains access to valued resources (Lin et al., 1981, Sandefur and Laumann, 1998, Seibert et al., 2001). The social network of each person can be
Resources: individual linked strong ties and team-related resources
Within organizations, social capital resources are rather diverse and can be found within different structural locations. The present study will distinguish between social resources that can be characterized as strong ties and as team-related characteristics. Strong ties are properties of the personal network of employees; team resources are derived from the working context. The two next sections will elaborate how (1) strong ties and (2) team-related resources may affect the creation of both
Population and sample
This study was comprised of a sample of faculty members from a larger survey on careers of faculty members within the Netherlands. All faculty members received a questionnaire at their home address with a free return envelope. Anonymity was guaranteed and a letter of introduction from the board of the university supported the study. Finally, 1232 (40%) questionnaires were returned. Because of the length of the questionnaire and the additional lengthy inventory of social network variables,
Data analysis
Team-related resources are essentially measures at the aggregate level. According to Bliese and Jex (1999), the use of aggregated variables may shed light on relationships between such variables and employees outcomes that would be missed if one was restricted to individual level analyses. Assessing whether team-related resources are associated with the accumulation of both hard and soft social capital therefore necessitates multilevel analysis (Snijders and Bosker, 1999). F-values for group
Results
Table 1 presents mean scores, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients. Differences between male and female faculty members on the research variables reflect current differences between male and female faculty members (Gillespie et al., 2001, West and Smith, 1998). For example, female faculty members are lower in hierarchical rank (mean 2.06 versus 2.65), work fewer hours (mean 39.99 versus 45.04), and assess their own capabilities less favorable than male faculty members (mean 8.89
Discussion
Within the present sample of faculty members, men and women appeared to be both effective in using resources to create soft social capital. However, it was shown that male faculty members in this study were better able to create hard social capital than female faculty members. Unexpectedly, female faculty members were not better in the creation of soft social capital than male faculty members. Thus, at least in this professional context, women do not appear to be the emotional specialists they
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