The suppression of soot emission from flames by metal additives
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Cited by (104)
Influence of potassium on benzene and soot formation in fuel-rich oxidation of methane in a laminar flow reactor
2021, Combustion and FlameCitation Excerpt :With the rapidly increasing utilization of biomass fuels, it is of interest to elucidate the role of alkali and alkaline earth metals in the soot formation process given their abundance in biomass [21,22]. While alkali earth metals are recognized to be effective fuel additives to suppress soot formation, mainly by catalyzing the production of OH (hydroxyl) radicals that rapidly remove soot [23,24], the effects of alkali metals are not clear. It was reported in several studies that primary soot particles formed in premixed hydrocarbon flames [25–28] and diffusion flames [29,30] seeded with alkali metals are characterized by smaller sizes, resulting in an overall reduction of the soot yield because smaller particles can be more easily oxidized.
Particulate emissions from turbulent diffusion flames with entrained droplets: A laboratory simulation of gas flaring emissions
2021, Journal of Aerosol ScienceCitation Excerpt :Thus, flowback or produced water droplets smaller than this size range can entrain in solution gas and eventually participate in the combustion process during flaring. Previous studies have investigated the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metals on soot particles within or emitted from benchtop-scale flames using various techniques (Bonczyk, 1983, 1988, 1991; Bulewicz et al., 1975; Cotton et al., 1971; di Stasio et al., 2011; Feugier, 1978; Haynes et al., 1979; Kazemimanesh et al., 2020; Mitchell & Miller, 1989; Moallemi et al., 2018; Ndubizu & Zinn, 1982; Simonsson et al., 2018, 2017; Tappe et al., 1993). Bulewicz et al. (1975), Cotton et al. (1971), and Ndubizu and Zinn (1982) used gravimetric filter-based methods to measure soot emission rate from a propane (or polymer) diffusion flame using a glass fibre filter and reported that soot emission decreased when droplets of aqueous solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals were entrained.
Effect of potassium chloride addition on soot formation during ethylene pyrolysis in a flow reactor
2021, Combustion and Flame