Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4

doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00284-3

Chemosphere

Volume 46, Issue 8, March 2002, Pages 1173-1181

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00284-3 Get rights and content

Abstract

Aqueous solutions of reactive blue 4 textile dye are totally mineralised when irradiated with TiO₂ photocatalyst. A solution containing 4×10⁻⁴ M dye was completely degraded in 24 h irradiation time. The intensity of the solar light was measured using Lux meter. The results showed that the dye molecules were completely degraded to CO₂, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and H₂O under solar irradiation. The addition of hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulphate influenced the photodegradation efficiency. The rapidity of photodegradation of dye intermediates were observed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than in its absence. The auxiliary chemicals such as sodium carbonate and sodium chloride substantially affected the photodegradation efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography and chemical oxygen demand were used to study the mineralisation and degradation of the dye respectively. It is concluded that solar light induced degradation of textile dye in wastewater is a viable technique for wastewater treatment.

Introduction

Textile mills are major consumers of water and consequently one of the largest group of industries causing intense water pollution. The effluent contains wide range of chemicals of varying kind. Reactive dyes are not amenable for ready biodegradation. The current treatment of dye waste in textile industries is focussed on the removal of colour along with aesthetic issues. Several physico-chemical and biological methods are available for the treatment of textile wastewater. Unfortunately these processes have high operating cost and are of limited applicability. Strong colour is another important component of textile wastewater. If colour is not removed, this may cause disturbance to the ecological system of the receiving waters (Neppolian et al., 1998; Chaudhari and Babita, 2000; Wang, 2000). Thus many processes have been proposed over the years and are currently employed to destroy toxic chemicals discharged along with textile wastewater. Photocatalytic detoxification has been focussed as an alternative method to clean up polluted water (Ray and Beenackers, 1997, Ray and Beenackers, 1998; Herrmann et al., 1998). This technique adopts the possibility of combining the heterogeneous catalysis with solar light to achieve mineralisation of toxic pollutants present in textile wastewater. In the past few years many catalysts like TiO₂, ZnO, WO₃, SnO₂, ZrO₂, CeO₂, CdS and ZnS have been attempted for photocatalytic oxidation of water borne environmental contaminants (Ollis and Al-Ekabi, 1993; Reutergardh and Iangphasuk, 1997). However, TiO₂ has been proved to be an excellent catalyst in the photodegradation of organic pollutants. This technique appears to offer a great deal of hope in treating hazardous and toxic chemical wastes into harmless end-products at ambient temperature with minimum intermediates. In view of the advantages of heterogeneous photocatalysis in the treatment of wastewater, it has been aimed to decolourise and degrade aqueous solution of commonly used textile dye reactive blue 4 using solar light with TiO₂ catalyst.

Section snippets

Materials

TiO₂ used in the experiment was Degussa P-25 (Germany). The titania particles are a mixture of both anatase and rutile crystalline phase (mostly anatase) with an average particle size of 30 nm and surface area of 50 m²/g. The textile dye reactive blue 4 obtained from Vanavil (India) limited was used as such. Solutions were prepared by dissolving requisite quantity of the dye in double distilled water.

Photocatalytic reactor

The cylindrical photochemical reactor of 200 ml capacity was made-up of borosilicate glass

Results and discussion

Reactive blue 4 dye was degraded in the presence of TiO₂ photocatalyst in the form of suspension by irradiation with solar light. A blank experiment in the absence of solar irradiation illustrated the rapid attainment of adsorption equilibrium of the dye onto TiO₂. Another experiment of solar irradiation of the dye solution in the absence of TiO₂ showed no significant degradation. This clearly indicates that this phenomenon is photocatalytic in nature.

Conclusion

It is evident that TiO₂ catalysed photodegradation using solar irradiation is a suitable technique for removal of dyes in wastewater from textile industries. The intermediates formed during the course of degradation give strong evidence for the destruction of the dye into smaller fragments. The oxidising agents such as hydrogen peroxide and persulphate ion have major role in the degradation efficiency of the dye. The additives such as sodium carbonate and sodium chloride are hindering the rate

Acknowledgements

This work was supported partially by Brain Korea 21 project 2000. The authors are grateful to the research grant from the Ministry of Education, South Korea.

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View full text

Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Photocatalytic reactor

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Catal. Today

Appl. Catal. B Envtal.

Water Res.

Chemosphere

Chemosphere

Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.

Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells

Wat. Res.

Effects of common inorganic anions on rates of photocatalytic oxidation of organic carbon over illuminated TiO2

J. Phys. Chem.

Carbonate radical in flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of aqueous carbonate solutions

J. Phys. Chem.

From nanosized particles to commercial products, the search for novel photocatalysis

Chemical review of rate constants for the reaction of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution

J. Phys. Chem.

Oxidative decolorisation of reactive dye solution using fly ash as catalyst

J. Environ. Eng.

Feasibility study of dechlorination of chloroform in water by ultrasound in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

Environ. Technol.

Solar light induced and TiO₂ assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4

Effects of common inorganic anions on rates of photocatalytic oxidation of organic carbon over illuminated TiO₂