Chapter 23 - Environmental Applications: Waters, Sediments and Soils
Section snippets
Legislative and Economic Drivers
Environmental protection plays an increasing role in today's society as evidenced by more stringent regulations and international agreements such as the OSPAR Convention, Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol. National and trans-national regulations include the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive, Australia's National Water Initiative and the US-based Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) and the Clean Water Act (CWA). Their success requires proper implementation, e.g., reliable monitoring
Laboratory instrumentation
Flow analysis is an approach to mechanized analytical chemistry usually carried out inside narrow bore tubing. An aliquot of an aqueous sample is introduced into the flow system and pushed towards the detector by the carrier/wash stream. During transport through the analytical path, the sample undergoes dispersion and dilution, resulting in a well-defined sample zone that undergoes reproducible, on-line physical and chemical treatment, e.g., dilution, reagent addition and dialysis. Sample
Waters
Waters are analysed for a variety of reasons, depending on their origins, beneficial uses and immediate and ultimate destinations. This requires methods for a host of different parameters over a wide range of concentrations (Table 3). The principal drivers for water analysis are:
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Protection of human health, both for drinking waters and primary contact.
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The assessment of the status of aquatic ecosystems, e.g., defining a reference condition, as part of the protection and improvement of natural
Overview
This section describes selected references since 1990 from readily available literature sources. It is not a comprehensive review of the literature but rather an overview that illustrates some of the attractive features of FIA for the quantitative determination of important analytes in waters, sediments and soils. For convenience the sample matrix, methodological details and key analytical figures of merit are presented in tabular form for the following generic classes of analytes:
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Nutrients (
FUTURE TRENDS
FIA techniques have been described for the determination of numerous parameters in water and wastewater monitoring, as demonstrated by the examples listed in Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8. However, the routine rather than research application of these techniques, using commercial instrumentation, has been limited to a restricted number of parameters. The area where FIA has achieved the most widespread application is nutrient monitoring in natural waters and wastewaters. Another popular
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
- 1,4- TCBQ
Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone
- 5-Br-PADAP
2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol
- 8-HQ
8-hydroxyquinoline or 8-quinolinol
- μTAS
μ-Total analytical system
- AAS
Atomic absorption spectrometry
- AFS
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
- APHP
Alkaline phosphatase hydrolysable phosphorus. Phospho monoesters are hydrolysed to molybdate reactive P
- BNR
Biological nutrient removal
- BOD
Biological oxygen demand
- BOX
Billirubin oxidase
- CASS
Coastal Atlantic seawater standard
- CCD
Charge-coupled device
- CDTA
1,2
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